Theoretical Problems of Terminology

Content.. 2 1. Introduction . 3 2. Chapter 1 1. hypothetical problems of crying.. .. 6 1. 1 Terms, their translation and classification 1. 2 speech 3. Chapter 2 Semantic peculiarities of slope and Ukrainian health check spoken language 15 4. Conclusions 6 5. The list of literature apply.. 28 Anotation nomenclature appears ad libitum as a result of association accumulation and carriage of redundant notions and theoryions. The importance of our investigation is de destinationined by the necessity to carry the semantics of medical checkup toll. The demand of our year writing is to define the main semantic peculiarities of slope and Ukrainian medical ground and their interaction with the words of common language.The acquirement of the aim provides accomplishment of the following tasks 1) to study suppositious literature on the problems investigated 2) to study medical experimental conditions and their contents on the basis of explanatory and supernumerary d ictionaries 3) to apply the methods of formalized analysis of semantics for building the matrix of semantic put of the English and Ukrainian medical spoken discourse on the background of superior general language 4) to define the correlation of statusino system of logical and general semantics of lexemes under study.The physical heading of our year paper is 50 English and Ukrainian medical edges with the explanation of their medical and general conveys. The subject of our investigation semantic peculiarities of the English and Ukrainian medical statuss. The language material for the year paper was taken from four dictionaries. The lexical material for our look presents 50 English medical price the semantics of which we ground birth analyzed from medical vocabulary (Mondofacto) and explanatory (Longman) dictionary, we to a fault implementd Ukrainian medical and explanatory dictionaries.We separated the semes from the essences of the price that permit been study i n enjoin to the basis of English and Ukrainian circumstanceinationinological and explanatory dictionaries. We analyzed the peculiarities of their particular(prenominal) and general semantics. The year paper consists of the introduction, dickens chapters, conclusions, the list of literature used and supplement. Chapter I. Theoretical problems of linguistic communication Modern action of society is characterized by steep education of science and engineering science thats why it leads to improvement of languages of these branches, e particular(a)ly scientific and proficient landmarkinology.The terminal figure terminology is assigned to several sen successionnts spoken language 1 Terminology science. Inter-and-Trans disciplinary survey of association dealing with inventions and their awardations (terms, symbols, etc. ) Terminology 2 Aggregate of terms, which represent the system of conceit of an individual subject expanse. Terminology 3 effect in which the system of concepts of a subject line is represented by terms. 618 The functions of terminology ) the ordering of knowledge on grounds of the relationships of concepts. 2) the transfer of knowledge, skills and technology (education, training, reading of scientific and technical texts, etc. ) 3) the formulation and dissemination of scientific and technical texts into their info. 4) the translation of scientific and technical texts into their languages. 5) the abstracting and condensing of subject information. 6) the entrepot and convalescence of scientific and technical information. 618 Theories of terminology as they choose developed over at to the lowest degree six decades, consider that concepts be 1) units of thought, focus oning on the psychological grimace of recognizing objects as part of h unitarysty 2) units of knowledge, focusing on the epistemological aspect of information gathered on the object in question 3) units of communication, stressing the fact that concepts arg on the prerequisite for knowledge transfer in narrow discourse.The development of terminologies as a pivotal part of special invention languages reflects scientific, technical and economic progress in the subject handle r from each oneed. Due to various speeds in this dynamic co-evolution of knowledge in the individual domains, vary discourse continues to differentiate into much than and more sectorized special languages and terminologies. 18 7 But these communication tools become increasingly enigmatical due to the sheer itemize of concepts to be designated and the limited linguistic resources of every(prenominal) internal language terms be taken over from one domain into an new(prenominal), usually with varying meanings in the form of metaphors or analogies unsanded homonyms, and terminological meanings, synonyms arise, motivating or even forcing subject specialists to standardize their terminology and harmonize them on the multilingual level in order to abase and manage the constantly rising communicative building complexity that faces their discourse communities.Terminology research is not limited to semiotic and linguistic studies of term formation and the epistemological dimension of the evolution of scientific knowledge. The agenda of terminology science similarly includes socio-terminological studies of the acceptance of neologisms proposed by terminology and language planners, case studies on terminology development by standardization and harmonization efforts, research and development concerning the brass and use of terminology databases for various user groups and purposes and concerning controlled vocabularies for documentation and information convalescence purposes.Terminology displays the notions that were created, and spontaneously exist in every branch. Terminology is the study of and the field of operations of activity concerned with the collection, description, processing and presentations of terms. The field of terminolog y is not nonparasitic as a check off. Terminology though traced back for some decades got a more theoretical and methodological background in the past years. Terminology is an inter disciplinary field of research because it is highly influenced by the activities and methods of the atomic number 18as if serves. originally terminology was a problem of engineers needing concepts for naming sweet technical items.Now linguists telephone call it to be an different dimension of lexicology and lexicography. Terminology has become a specialized aspect of computational linguistics and information science1710. Terminology is the study of terms and their use. Terms ar words and compound words that in special(prenominal) linguistic contexts are given specific meanings, meanings that may deviate from the meaning the homogeneous words have in early(a) contexts and in everyday language. The discipline Terminology studies among other(a) things how such terms of art come to be and their in terrelationships deep down a culture. Terminology differs from lexicography n studying concepts, conceptual systems, and their labels (terms), whereas lexicography study words and their meanings. Terminology thus denotes a discipline which overbearingally studies the labelling or designating of concepts particular to one or more subject fields or domains of world activity, through research and analysis of terms in context, for the purpose of documenting and promoting consistent usage. This study can be limited to one language or can cover more than one language at the equivalent time (multilingual terminology, bilingual terminology, and so forth) or may focus on studies of terms across fields 2645.Terminology is a science whose aim is to study terms, which are lexical elements used in specialized fields (subjects or their branches) and generated in such fields or modified from elements already existing in other fields. In Terminology, the term or terminological unit is the meani ng unit made up of one oneness word (simple term) or several words (complex term) and represents a concept in an univocal way in a specific semantic field (Office of the French Language of Quebec). From this definition, we can understand that a term is a specialized word in relation to its meaning and the field in which it is used.It is considered in that way when used in a reliable context in which it takes the function of a term. Terms are elements of natural languages, as are other lexical units too. As far as terminologies reflect rapid development of science, they are opened to language planning, systematic management and different kinds of manipulation more than other lexical subsystems or strata. This causes terminologists to fulfill three comprehensive projects 1) the standardization of existing terminologies 2) the creation of new national terminologies as well as 3) their international unification. 18 8 A definition is description of a concept by means of other known con cepts, mostly in the form of words and terms. It determines the position of this concept in a system of other related concepts. Definitions can be categorized according to their purpose into descriptive prescriptive definitions. A descriptive definition states which meaning a term has. A prescriptive definition states which meaning a term should have. 1511 In the seventies of the xx deoxycytidine monophosphate the peak of interest towards system character of terminology could be detect and that was connected with the popularity of the biologist Bertalanffy.This scientist suggested the programme of building general theory of systems, which stocked general principles and laws of the systems behaviour no matter what elements and the relationships between were. The difference between terminology system and terminology is, first of all, in the way they come into being. Terminology appears spontaneously as a result of knowledge accumulation and appearance of special notions and concept s. Terminology enters the mental world far from being staring(a) and crowned its lexical units are very far from systematic.Terminological system is on the whole isomorphic to the system of concepts and terminology is not. 2317 Terminology-is the section of vocabulary which covers the terms of different spheres of science, art, social life, and technics. 923 Terminology is closely related to such sciences as ontology, logics, linguistics, communication theory, information and documentation science, computer science, etc. In the GTT the notion concept and its relationship to other concepts have a central position. They are cornerstones of the GTT and the first point of any terminology work.The conceptology which is a basic discipline of logic is closely connected in this respect with terminology. The most important connective of terminology to linguistics is that the term is a linguistic symbol, which is formed by words or word elements. 18 7 Terminology is not connected to infor mation retrieval in any way but focused on the meaning and conveyance of concepts. Terms used in an information retrieval context are not the same as terms used in the context of terminology, as they are not always technical terms of art. 920 The problems of terminology were investigated by such linguists asL. A. Kapanadze 10, V. I. Malcey 11, V. P. Danulenko 99, O . S. Achmanova 558, A. A. Reformatskuj 1127, H. O. Vinokur 711 and others. Semantic aspect of English and Ukrainian medical terminology was canvas by such linguists asBalyshyn S. I3, Chabirova Z. P,11, Orlova A. S, Philipova Y. B. 2122, Skinner H. A23, Dorian A. F5420. and others The English language began creation of modern terminology from Chosers time.In his work Treatise on the astrolabe he for the first time used terms declinations, ecliptic, latitude, longitude, meridian, zodiac etc. Term (lat. termination boundary, limit) is alexico -nominative unit that needs definitions( V. P. Danylenko1120, T. L. Kandelaki25 and others). Definition is a needful dependency of term which has a meaning for its selection from the vocabulary stock of language(S. V. Novak)1523. Term is considered to be a nominative sign that operates in the language with a special purpose (V. M. Leychik).Term is determined as a language unit, correlated with conceptions of special professional spheres ( V. A. Tatarynov) 1427. It is understandable that a large number of terminological definitions as a conception of a word and scientific term do not lead to distinct and simple solution of their theoretically linguistic vegetable marrow. The study of early works in terminology shows that linguistic essence of term is not enough researched. Mainly researchers were interested in lexicographical aspect of terminology and not in definition and uncovering semantic peculiarities of term .A term is a word or a certain word- combination that distinctly and definitely designates scientific or special notion. The term does not designat e the notion like an ordinary word, but inversely, the concept is attached to a term. Thus, a specific concept determined by a term is understandable only due to its definition-laconic, logical, which points out inborn indications of a subject and denotes its notion and matter. According to Websters New collegiate Dictionary, a term is a word or style that has a precise meaning in some uses or is peculiar to a science, art, profession or subject. 18 10 One more definition of a term explains as any conventional symbol for a concept which consists of provide sounds or of their written representations. A term may be a word or a phrase. 20 10 As it is vivid from the definition the term always stands for a concept and it should preferably stand for a exclusive concept. This concept has a meaning that is fixed, abstract and general. Only features that are considered to be relevant are retained in the meaning, other features are rejected. Concepts are mental representations of individ ual object or comprise a bunch of individual objects having certain qualities in common.Concepts are mental representations of individual object or comprise a set of individual objects having certain qualities in common. A term is defined by the content it stands for and not by any peculiarities in its linguistic structure. 15 11. An expression is a term within the framework of a conceptual system in which it is defined as a term. Membership of a terminological system thus gives an expression terminological status. Ancient Greek philosophers said that a term has two meanings In broad definition a term-is a word or word-combination, which denotes real or abstract subjects.In this case the word term coexist with the meaning of a name, it means that a term the same as name. In narrow definition, as we already know the term- is a word or word-combinations introduced into a science as the designation of subjects, appearances that are studied by the science. 12272. To descriptive terms belong a)set-expressions, which name or denote empirical and abstract objects. They designate a term-as priggish and general names. b)predicative expression-is a word or word-combination which denotes properties and qualities of subjects and relations between the subjects. )objective serviceable expressions, which denote objective functions and operations, to which special numerical and logical signs and words denoting scope, weight, growth, colourise belong. 14 30 Terms can be more or less complex lexical units that are generated following several processes The extension of the meaning of a word in the standard language (for instance, mouse in computing terminology is a device that allows the user to interact with the computer). multiplication of a phrase that functions as a whole with one specialized meaning (superconducting magnet). Symbolic expressions, as chemical element symbols (Na) or chemical and mathematical formulas (H2SO4). Abbreviations (PVC) and acronyms (NATO , from North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Names of post ( kick Minister), organizations or administrations (United Nations, Prime Minister). The border line between word and term is emaciated by the use of the lexical unit in a specialized field of knowledge with a specialised meaning or not. That is why a certain level of specialised knowledge is needed to key a term (we will only know that mouse is a term if we know the computing terminology).The characteristics of a text communicative purpose, subject, peculiarity say are also helpful to recognise the presence of terms. The extension of the meaning of a word in the standard language (for instance, mouse in computing terminology is a device that allows the user to interact with the computer). Generation of a phrase that functions as a whole with one specialized meaning (superconducting magnet). Symbolic expressions, as chemical element symbols (Na) or chemical and mathematical formulas (H2SO4). Abbreviations (PVC) and acronyms (NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Names of post (Prime Minister), organizations or administrations (United Nations, Prime Minister). The border line between word and term is drawn by the use of the lexical unit in a specialised field of knowledge with a specialised meaning or not. That is why a certain level of specialised knowledge is needed to recognise a term (we will only know that mouse is a term if we know the computing terminology). The characteristics of a text communicative purpose, subject, specialisation grade are also helpful to recognise the presence of terms.In order to establish the limit between term and word, it is important to know the characteristics of terms in a specialised language. According to Gutierrez Rodilla (1998 88-94) the characteristics of terms are precision, ruttish immateriality and stability over time. For instance, aplasia is a medical term meaning incomplete or faulty development of an organ it is monosemic which implies precision it is neutral emotionally and finally, it is stable over time since it has been used without any fun in use, form and meaning for a long period of time in scientific documents.A concept can be described all by the definition or explanation. If it is not possible in a certain case to provide a definition at least an explanation should be given. The definition is the key to any scientific work. A definition is description of a concept by means of other known concepts, mostly in the form of words and terms. It determines the position of this concept in a system of other related concepts. Most unusual linguists pay more attention to semantic character of the term.They discover universal proposition theoretical cases concerning terminological science, but not language facts are estimated by them superficially, without proper argumentation, unconvincingly. Terminological principles and methods are the basis for the unification of terminology work. They concern the analysis of concepts, the determination of their intension, the investigation of relationships of concepts, the design of systems of concepts, the description of concepts(definition), the assignment concept- designation(terms, symbols, etc. or vice versa, selection of adequate words or word elements for the formation of terms, creation of correct new terms etc. 2325. Characteristics of terms The reality around us is made up of a roomy variety of objects that are observed or simply seen. The human disposition is able to perceive every objects and generate a conceptual persona that allows recreating the object even if it is not within our senses reach. In human communication, it is necessary to represent an objectconcept with a material and recognisable with the means available for humans.In a verbal language such representation is the word oral or written and the term in specialised communication. Thus, the term, as with any other word, is a sign with a triple dimension Linguistic the ki nd (the formal aspect of the term). cognitive the meaning of the concept represented by a term. Ontological the denotative, the object from reality to be named. The three dimensions give three different, but related, aspects of terms Linguistic dimension symbolic aspect this refers to a term as a symbol representing an object, a referent. Cognitive dimension conceptual aspect in relation to the concept that allows the human mind to keep the referent. Ontological dimension referential aspect the referent itself to be named and understood. Dimensions of a term cognitive linguistic ontological concept term referent conceptual symbolic referential aspects. To the three dimensions already explained, it is possible to add a fourth one that is implicit at the beginning of this section, the communicative dimension (associated with a discursive aspect).According to this dimension, the terms are inserted in a discourse with the purpose of taking part in the message produced in a commu nicative event. From this communicative point of view, the transmitter of the message, the germ of the text, uses each term with a sole meaning, regardless of whether it is the terms meaning, one chosen among the different concepts and referents represented by a single polysemic term, or an altered, modified or adulterated meaning that the author assigns to a term accidentally (perhaps due to a lack of competency in a specialised knowledge) or intentionally (a personal use of language and terminology).The balance in the relations between the different dimensions and aspects defines the characteristics of each term, but not all the terms share the same level of relations, that is why the features of terms as a whole are more of a trend, desired by their producers and users, than a reality. According to Gutierrez Rodilla (1998 88-94) the features of terms are precision, emotional neutrality and stability. A term has to meet a number of requirements 1. The term must be well motivated . The motivation of a term should be self-evident. 2. The term should be systematic. That means that it must be a member of terminological system. 3.The formation of the term must be in accordance with the syntactic rules of the language. 4. The term must be potentially plenteous of derivations. 5. The term must avoid pleonasm. This part of pleonastic formation mainly occurs through a lack of linguistic knowledge. 6. The term should not contain superfluous elements. This may occur when the generic term and the specific term form a new term. 7. The term should preferably not have synonymous, homonymous or polysemous terms. 8. The term should be as short as possible without affecting its clarity. 9. The term should preferably not present orthographical or morphological variations. 18 11 At the present stage of language development society influences all language terminological processes such as term formation , interaction of generally used lexics and terminology, borrowing of terms from other languages and subsystems, development of polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, standardization and unification of terms, etc. In this chapter we observed theoretical problems of terminology, functions of terminology, requirements of a term, terms, their definition and classification, terminology and terminological system, the principles of terminology and methods.Also we named famous linguists who studied the problems of terminology. We observed the term as an indivisible unit of mentality that arises the smallest separate of concrete mentality process. By this segment in our year paper is a scientific concept of linguistic that indicates term- word which we receive on the basis of imagination about practical and theoretical activity of a person. We consider that linguistic term as a word is a part of vocabulary and is not isolated from the laws that influence on the lexical system in general.