Historical Bias Of The Persian Wars - 1332 Words

The Persian wars were a group of wars between the Persians (the largest empire) and the Greeks (city-states philosophers) from 492 bc to 449bc. The history is told in great part by Herodotus, a Greek historian, considered to write historical bias in regards to Greek Persian history. Herodotus was said to investigate the Persian war, going through different lands and collecting personal inquiries, myths, legends and accounts of the Persian Wars. He was praised and honored for his recollection of the events, which were both factual and fictional. Herodotus wanted to pass down a history of why these two great people came into battle from a personal point of view. Cyrus the Great became ruler of the Persians because he did not want to be controlled by the meads and along with his nomadic warriors, he overtook them. Previously, the Medes had an Iranian religion of whom the Magi were like the priests of Persia and with their great architectural knowledge, they build fire temples which were used by the Magi to perform ceremonies rituals. This religion derived from magic and astrology, principles of dualism (good Evil) and resurrection. This religion is one of the causes for which Cyrus the great, rebelled against the Medes. With his army, he conquered most of Asia and remained in power because of the type of ruler that he was. Cyrus allowed the people to keep their customs and practice their own religions, worship their own gods and carry their separate rituals,Show MoreRelatedThucydides And Thucydides Writing1054 Words   |  5 Pagesand observed. Herodotus, in his account of the War for Greek Freedom, takes great care to include the mos t seemingly insignificant details of Persian, Lydian, and Greek culture--from their practices regarding death to their sexual habits to how they eat at mealtimes. Thucydides, on the other hand, tells The History of the Peloponnesian War from a bias against the clutter of religion, prophecy, culture, and humanity. As the two tell their historical accounts of two closely-connected events, theirRead MoreGreek Tragedy By Euripides Medea1646 Words   |  7 PagesShe is capable of manipulating the men around her, and killing her victims in ways that are highly gruesome. All of which are considered as masculine traits in a Greek mindset. Lastly, considering this play was written on the eve of the Peloponnesian war, Euripides uses the fact that Medea, a wild woman who has committed filicide, murdered a king and a princess, is still allowed safe harbor in Athens, as a way of criticizing Athenian moral bases, keeping in mind that they were fighting against the SpartansRead MoreCultural Bias and Structure in Herodotus Essay759 Words   |  4 Pagessuccession of events. Tacitly beginning with the Trojan War but more firmly beginning with the line of Persian kings these events lead inexorably to the Persian War. These primary structure events are ordered chronologically and generally delineated by political or military leaders. Within this primary structure lies a secondary tangential structure. Herodotus tangentially discusses almost everything which is brought up in his historical narrative. Any subject, region, or people that is mentionedRead MoreThe Persian Invasion Of Greece3806 Words   |  16 Pagesduring the years 480 and 479 BC between the Persian empire and the city-states of the classical Greece (Herodotus). The second Persian invasion of Greece, which took place in the previously mentioned years, was a part of the many series of battles and encounters that made up the Greco-Persian Wars. This invasion in particular, however, probably saw one of the most distinguished battles in ancient European warfare befall. As a whole, the second Persian invasion of Greece consisted of several battlesRead MoreEssay about The Mystery of the Battle of Thermopylae2087 Words   |  9 PagesLeonidas of Sparta, against the Persian Empire led by Xerxes over the course of three days, during the second Persian invas ion of Greece. The battle took place simultaneously with the naval battle at Artemisium, in August or September 480 BC, at the pass of Thermopylae (The Hot Gates). The event was later recorded by Herodotus, who interviewed the surviving soldiers and Greeks. When it comes to history it is important to be able to differentiate between historical fact, fiction, and exaggerationsRead MoreI See Xerxes As An Effective King Or Bumbling Tyrant1856 Words   |  8 Pagesthe King of Kings, and King of Nations. Throughout history, the view of Xerxes has varied, and depending on which historian you spoke to, and their context, you would hear a completely different story. Some said Xerxes signalled the downfall of the Persian empire, but others say he was an effective king marred by plain bad luck. It is my goal to delve into the vast range of sources on Xerxes and his reign, rise to prominence, and eventual assassination. From this I will not discover the definitive truth;Read MoreMain Motives For The Invasion Of Iraq2018 Words   |  9 PagesIraq in 2003? This project argues that there were many more complex reasons for Tony Blair’s 2003 invasion of Iraq, other than the war on terror, the need to find weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and to free the Iraqi people from the tyranny of Saddam Hussain as the government implied. Factors such as the vast amounts of crude oil that the coastal areas of the Persian Gulf contains (which includes a large part of Iraq’s coast) and the need to control future oil supplies was the overall determiningRead More ancient mid-east history Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesthink in certain ways; and thus eventually lead to a better appreciation different peoples—one way or another. It is also inprotant to realize that history is not just about ‘what-really-happened-in-the-past’, but is a complex intersection of truth, bias and hopes. Realizing that the major importance of history is rooted upon ideas or principles and not facts, dates or names, this course was designed not to address the material as the history of X region from X date to X date, but rather in an orderRead MoreImpact Of International Communications On Public Safety894 Words   |  4 Pagesmethods of communication to relay their feelings or ideas to each other, in order to express themselves or their ideologies. Matters today prove to be no different. Countries continuously communicate with one another in a variety of ways including trade, war, or the creation of diplomatic ties. With every move a nation makes, its population either reaps the benefits or pays the price. Therefore, with the increase in global communication, we must analyze the implications of the extent in which internationalRead MoreAnalysis Of Cyrus Ascension Of The Throne 1985 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough his military experience was able to gain insight into the inner workings of Persian society and culture under the rule of Cyrus. His authoring of the work Cyropaedia and other Persian related sources showcase Cyrus’ tactics and reformations put into place in order to successfully rule over a vast multicultural society. It is clear that Cyropaedia is not necessarily meant to be truly written as a historical document of Cyrus’ ascension to the throne. The sources authored by Xenophon instead

Leadership Is The Ability Of An Individual Guide People,...

Leadership is the ability of an individual to guide people, teams or organizations. According to Rath Conchie (2008) there are 3 attributes that make an influential leader: invest in strengths, incases themselves around the right people to maximize their team and they empathize with their team. Leadership skills is something that can be taught and each leader can discover new ways to expand their leadership style. This paper will examine the writer’s leadership style, showing the results of the personality assessments, how to build upon the strengths and discipline the weaknesses, how to motivate others with leadership skills and how to foster my emotional intelligence. Leadership Profile Results Addressed are the five assessments that were taken, along with their results; Keirsey Temperament Sorter (Guardian), Ipersonic assessment (Determined Realist), the Jung Typology (Extraverted, Sensing, Thinking, J udging), the Leadership Q (gold trustee ii), and lastly the Emotional Intelligence assessment (self-awareness 78, self-management 67, social awareness 74 and relationship management 63). There are several similar trait results that were illustrated among all of the assessments; following rules, respecting authority, being responsible, being organized, factual, has fun but only after the work is completed, dependable and trustworthy. According to the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, the Guardian is the foundation of society. The Guardian and Determined Realist like to haveShow MoreRelatedLeadership and Management Essay1353 Words   |  6 Pageseconomy companies come and go every single day. 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A leader must be flexible to adjust to the different variables and treat each individual usingRead MoreInclusivity That Defines The Nature Of Modern Leadership1542 Words   |  7 Pagesinclusivity that defines the nature of modern leadership. The author centers his argument on self-practices and individual achievements, leaving behind the contributions by other stakeholders within the organization. Though he states that it is critical to have an insight on the views of others and accept correction of mistakes, the author does not outline the role of leadership in convincing the organization when in times of a crisis. In light of the above arguments, certain questions fail to findRead MoreLeadership And Management Should Go Hand1648 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership and management should go hand in hand. They’re not an equivalent factor. However they re essentially joined, and complementary. Any effort to separate the 2 is probably going to cause additional issues than it solves. The manager’s job is to set up, organize and coordinate. The leader’s job is to inspire and encourage. Concepts of Leadership Good leader’s area unit created not born. If you have got the will and possession, you ll be able to become an efficient leader. Sensible leadersRead MoreLeadership Style Paper946 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Style Paper Susan May University of Phoenix Dr. Michael Snell HCS 475 May 2, 2011 Leadership Style Paper A leader is the foundation of the organization, the individual who represents the values, purposes, and direction of the organization. A leader is one who creates connections between members of an organization for the purpose of promoting increased performance and quality results (Sullivan amp; Decker, 2009). Leaders motivate, console, and work with people, to keep them bondedRead MoreThe Effect Of Various Schools Of Leadership On The Ability Of A Project Manager768 Words   |  4 Pagesmembers of the team. This lack of motivation will eventually lead to lower level of performance and efficiency and, eventually, failure to achieve the project goals. The authors of this paper studied the effect of various schools of leadership on the ability of a project manager’s ability to motivate the team members and, by extension, create an environment conducive to attaining the project targets. The author commenced their report by defining the characteristics related with leadership a nd motivationRead MoreBuilding Positive Organizational Behavior And Macro Organization1494 Words   |  6 Pagesa study in which individuals relate to each other in an organizational and group setting. Analysis are conducted through various perspectives, incorporating behavior inside the organization in regards to other establishments. â€Å"Organizational behavior is the methodical study of how individuals / groups think and act within organizations exhibiting how these activities affect the effectiveness of the organization as a whole† (Weinclaw, 2015). The two studies used in organizations as analysis are MicroRead MoreEssay on Effective Leadership1145 Words   |  5 PagesEffective Leadership A successful leader is most importantly a mentor. This person grooms his or her staff to take his or her place, by teaching, inspiring and helping one to reach personal goals as well as the goals of the organization. Sam Adams, one of the leaders of the Boston Tea Party, was quoted as saying: Outstanding leaders go out of the way to boost the self-esteem of their personnel. 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According to Murphy (2016),†Stewards are the rocks of organizations. They’re dependable, loyal and helpful, and they provide a stabilizing and calming force for their employees†. When working for someone that has the leadership style of a steward, you get the chance to work for a well put together team. Often stewards have

Organic Approach Arts and Technology

Question: Discuss about the Organic Approach Arts and Technology. Answer: Introduction: Napoleon Bonaparte was an artist educated at the French Military School and ended up becoming the emperor of France between 1804 and the tear 1815. His work inspired an enthusiastic applause and was envied by the directors because of their taste and preference. Napoleon showcases his work which reinforced the view of combining observation with the feelings for the monumental sharpened by the analysis of the antique arts in the seventeenth century. The work aimed art communicating certain social, cultural values as well as political values that were to be in effective means of the political revolutionary of the Napoleon propaganda. However the partnership with David results to spoilt of the society with pictures that had great technical mastery and characterization. The finest works has got portraits that are often seen as his one of the finest and best works. During the battles of the Jena and Auestadt David has embarked on the preparations for the Coronation pictures at the time Napoleon was almost to conquer Austria and Russia. Pictures show exactitude for details because the commission requires recognizable portrayals hence the preservation of grandeur and ceremony. It is evident that patronage of Napoleon has an effect on the artistic style of David which led to the desire of emancipation from older, outworn classicism. Our relationship with nature is illuminated by the Napoleons ever increasing awareness of the power into the propaganda termed as official. Prudon is deeply attached to Constance and the pictures of this expertise are counted perhaps in his finest works. The relationship of Napoleon and the nature is depicts because He led to establishment of bank of France and completing of the same, introduction of centralization and make of nationally uniform education system. The great Otway national park as the location of the exhibition is a windswept heathland located in the northern part of Torquay through to Princeton. Our relationship with the natural environment is regulated by the permit required for horse ride in the park. Accessibility is easier with the presence of formed roads which provide good trails for the interactions of human endeavors. The opportunities available are such as picnic abounds with the presence of lovely settings at many of the falls and the blanket leaf. The exhibition is showed here where there is presence of camping opportunities throughout the park entirely. Devilles is a home based artist and studio incorporate nailed into a form of worn timber type of front door full of the artistic creation of this modern artist who incorporates technology in the jewelry workshop. Jullia applies taxidermy and uses objects art hence there was a release of the work that she has already completed in the year 2002 where a jewelry circles were released with a diamond that has eyes mounted on a jet plaque. The South Australian based artist has been known and famous for distinct and distinguishable work that she has been doing in the modern society. Deville home ground is New Zealand but she late moved to Australia in the year 2001 into a warehouse known to be made of rustic methodology at the turn of 20th century. The achievement that has been accomplished by this artist included that winning go the enormous water house natural science Art prize from the South Australian. The use of technology is applied in the case where she uses tools and computerized gadgets to curve and design the models that she pits in the website for marketing purposes. ( Danny, 1994) Organic approach is the key to designing in the process of enhancing that the role of the technology. The research that she conducts in the market by use of the computerized information and access of information from the reliable sources has enabled her to obtain the pieces from the market that she utilizes I her work. There is artistic nature of creativity and innovation of the originality of perchant for a Victorian aesthetic. Ornamentation is a crucial requirement in the overview that unusual, ornate and quality decorative products are made from the warehouse. The picture above shows the formality used in a writhing material made of leather clad creature with a protruding tongue. The studio which is high technology has got a number of computer screens. Organic materials usage in artistic works Organic approach is the key to designing in the process of enhancing that the role of the technology is clear in the modern lifestyle. (Damian , 2001) said this generates the views that human are embracing the organic substances in the modern world as a result of a wide scope in the artistic industry as well as fashion. Organic materials are embraced as the culture depicts and this is important aspect because there is preservation of the surrounding from depletion. Deville says she has achieved a lot with the help of technology because she can be able to travel, thus keeping in touch with friends abroad and on the other side of the earth. Travelling with the use of modern technology has been made easier and it cures much illness. Organic approach is the emphasize in the conduct of her every day to day undertakings hence creation of the freedom to frater masses of people, however there is consideration of social imbalance, weapons that causes mass destruction . Technology has been used on the positive side by the robots models being transformed to take care of the natural surroundings. The picture above shows that the computerized world in the modern trends will continue to thrive into a more habitable planet. These plants that are being showered water by a hi-tech robotic person programmed to carry out the activity of the gardener even in the mist unsuitable condition. The organic material has been used to make the things that appear in the exhibition below. Link of the concept with the works Human beings are prone to diseases and threats from the environment hence there may be difficulty I looking after the beautiful creature and fauna. Application of computer engineering and software development has been used in our exhibition to create and design a robot that is capable of performing tasks like a normal person despite that there is a microchip inserted at the back of the robot to act as the reminder of when to perform the activities such as the one has been portrayed above of watering and other tasks that a person easily forgets. Ignorance of human beings leads to destruction of the most important pats of our living environment because as fragile as the plants are no one can imagine that the leaves of these plantations which are green in color are the same we rely on for purification of the air we breathe. During the day the leaves and the generalized plants release oxygen and consume the excess carbon IV oxide that is emitted by the industrial actions. The fact that there are many industries in Australia can be a detrimental to the climate and the air that human breaths hence there is need for consideration of more trees and green plants into the environment to make the environment friendly and habitable. (Jane, 2012) Sid that we are the most intelligent species working in earth, how it comes we destroy on what we depend. This preposition that was a point of discussion in the interstate convention made a decision to determine where it heads in the future of people residing on planet earth. Aspects which negate the project that is under consideration of preservation of the culture and traditions of a beautiful environment during the exhibition have to be incorporated in dealing with. There is need to overcome the short-termism criteria that is persistence in our government and leadership. Companies and individuals are the big impacts behind the degradation of the environment. Technology enhances the achievement of mutual goals by use of devices that are automated to maintain the planet in the presence of mankind and all beautiful animals and plants alive. In the long run there is aim of positivity of the technology to better the needs of humanity. (Luke, 2003). Statement that I made earlier was challenged by scholars in the fact that we are not the most intelligent species roaming on planet. Technical and technological requirement The internet and the programs are incorporated to make the operations efficient and effectively in a manner that the designing process is facilitated by use of CorelDraw software which creates an original art by the dragging of the objects and simple click of the button. High definition graphics that were invented by the Microsoft Corporation are utilized to showcase the activities that are being undertaken. Deville has held a number of several show in Australia given the fact that she is a workaholic of which is depicted in the working nature of seven days even during the night in the year 2013 and 2014. The closeness of her bedroom to the studio was the driving force behind the success of this artist who could even starve herself to get the quality and the dreams that are now currently visible come true. Role of technology in the modern world has been used in the show rooms where lightings in form of electricity lamps and automated lights are used to make the appearances likeable and appealing to the clients. Showrooms are mostly the reason behind the emancipation of the current trends in designs and styles of dressing and lifestyle in general. (Marcus, 2005) said that the internet and the programs are incorporated to make the operations efficient and effectively in a manner that the designing process This is made her mother named in most of her contents and articles as Janette Okkerse to produce a genuine idea that the formerly bedroom should be utilized for commercial purposes and be turned into a showroom. The breaking cycle was inherent in there is creative idea of turning the idle space into a showroom because of the inadequacy of resources. The self-discipline has been the key behind the success given that the office is the same house where she used to reside. The artist says that she can discipline herself more with more reasonable hours. The gallery is depicted with the dark timber that is well polished and with a floorboard on the white painted walls. Fascinating collection of the jewel gives a neutral background with the family pictures and personal possessions including the loving grandmother wedding photo appearing on the same area. Confinement of the space and endeavoring urge to convey and portray the theme is the motive behind the set up for exhibition in a gallery or a museum. Visual aspects in the modern world is seen where the simplicity of arrangement is usable by uniqueness of incorporating funeral wreath with black ribbons on the same area. Display that has been put in place by Deville in the showroom show the recognition of the nature and current issues that are found in the human life are visible. A silver candelabra and a classic display that is made of taxidermy with a deer on the side is a presentable format and good layout. Nature is an inspiration in the work because it is observed that the artist is surrounded by greenery creatures and things that have got a described history Clean energy has been produced by the initiative that has been put in place of embracing an innovative and developing world. Innovation of using computerized and automated gadgets shapes the future and enhances compatibility with the nature. Transportation is made easier and there are minimal emissions and low energy houses that ends up to saving of resources. Deville added the aspect and the component of art which it is all about making the choices that are wise for future of the generation to utilize the same technology. Julia relates it to the organizations and the overview of culture in should operate and work well in coherent manner. There were challenges in deriving the project for the purpose of presentation where several opposes who were concerned and educated elites had argument is that they shared with us. However the above depicts a qualified and excellent of the present situation that we are currently in the living mature and world. Statement that I made earlier was challenged by scholars in the fact that we are not his most intelligent species roaming on planet earth because we destroys what we depend on. (Harvey, 1998) Are we ready for neo-evolution as the modern world depicts, the superseding of the robot to humans is portrayed by the artistic work of the robot caring and appreciating the beautiful earth. It seems we are not intelligent enough and this leads to delegation of the most important activities and the reason why we are living. We then proceed to the industrial activities and emission releasing activities that destroy the ozone layer. Individuals leave the objects with not intellectual capacity and not intelligent to look after the earth which is of no interest to these computerized programs objects. The prevailing conditions of climatic change and unpredictable with patterns have been as a result of human activities which are no longer of mutual gain to the planet. However we as individuals dont want to consider that we are the negating factor and the cause of the problems. Humans have failed to reconsider their attitude that we are not the most important species on the planet of residence in this case the earth. Technology has been regarded as an essential part of our lives nowadays and human beings have portrayed dependence over it. This exhibition will be promoted with an online presence where the website will be created to incorporate the computer drawings. A frequent update and information about the exhibition will be provided online hence each and every one with internet access will contribute to upgrading and other amendments. A marketing approach will be adopted by the project to gain entry into the curriculum and industries that might wish to apply the techniques that have been outlined. References Jane, K. (2012). The most intelligent species working in earth, how it comes we destroy on what we depend. Sydney press. Austria. Damian, P. (2001). This generates the views that human are embracing the organic substances in the modern world as a result of a wide scope. Nepal press. England Danny, H. (of 1994). Organic approach is the key to designing in the process of enhancing that the role of the technology. Hungarian press. Australia. https://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/danny_hillis_back_to_the_future_of_1994.html Harvey, F. (1998). Are we ready for neo-evolution as the modern world depicts. Newman press. America. Marcus, L. (2005). The internet and the programs are incorporated to make the operations efficient and effectively in a manner that the designing process. Hungarian press. Sydney. Luke, M. (2003). Statement that I made earlier was challenged by scholars in the fact that we are not the most intelligent species roaming on planet. Europe press. England.

Mcdonalds and the Environmental Defense Fund free essay sample

Using English for Communication by Thai Prostitutes BY 3605030 The purposes of this study were to study English competency of the Thai prostitutes for communication with their customers, and to explore methods of Thai prostitutes in improving their language ability for communication with their customers. In depth, face-to-face qualitative interview were conducted with a convenience sample of 36 Thai prostitutes and 10 international tourists. The samples were randomly from the Thai prostitutes famous night areas in Bangkok; Khaosan Road, Patpong, and Soi Nana. A semi-interview form was created as a research tool. This study was supplemented by additional analysis of existing secondary data sources including books, and online databases. The results indicated that the English competency of the informants is in the average level with successful communication purpose. The informants improve their English skills in real life working experience. Half of the informants are educated. They learned English skills from universities. Half of them are studying in higher education institutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonalds and the Environmental Defense Fund or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They work for money to pay for tuition fees, rents, and other needy expenses. The international tourists expressed that the nformants are poor, and they had no other choices. However, it is a way to improve language skills. The limitation of this study focuses on the anxiety of the informants since working as prostitutes is still an illegal Job in the Thai society. They thought that the researcher was a police officer which may effect the obtained information. The paper shows that the language skills are beneficial in communication. It creates better customers satisfaction which will lead to an increase of the opportunity to earn more income. By Thavorn Thitthongkam Mcdonalds and the Environmental Defense Fund By alecxandrine McDonalds and the Environmental Defense Fund: a case study of a green alliance Sharon Livesey Originally published in The Journal of Business Communication January 1999 In 1987, the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, which had convened to address the global ecological crisis, produced Our Common Future (the Brundtland Report). This watershed event established the conceptual underpinnings for environmental politics and debate in the 1990s by reframing the problem of the natural environment as one of sustainable development. In the wake f this reframing, a new practice in environmental management emerged that of green alliances or partnerships between business and ecology groups (Westley Vredenburg, 1991, pp. 71-72). These alliances, considered one of the ten most significant trends in environmental management and the greening of industry (Gladwin, 1993, p. 46), appeared to signal a sea change in the way business, as well as environmentalists, could respond to the ecological impacts of firms economic activities. Indeed, environmental partnerships offered both business and ecology groups the potential for a new rhetorical stance. Business communication cholarship has identified a variety of rhetorical strategies adopted by corporations in the face of environmental controversy: defensiveness and apologia (e. g. , Ice, 1991 ; Tyler, 1992), competing information campaigns (e. g. , Lange, 1993; Moore, 1993), or retreat (e. g. , Setter, 1995). Green alliances provide business with an alternative to these strategies. Through eco-partnership, a firm can adopt, at both material and symbolic levels, a proactive approach toward the natural environment; its posture vis-a-vis environmentalists, or at least a wing of the environmental movement, can be collaborative rather than conflictual. On the other hand, green alliances offer environmentalists the possibility of direct influence over business practice and an alternative to or as Fred Krupp, leader of the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) and an early proponent of eco-business collaboration, would have it, a tool in addition to the Jeremiad (Killingsworth Palmer, 1996; Slovic, 1996). While eco-alliances have been discussed in the environmental management and green marketing literature, they have not been so far studied as business communication. This paper presents a case study of the rhetorical aspects of an early green partnership, the 1990-1991 recedent-setting alliance between McDonalds Corporation, the leading quick- service restaurant chain, and EDF, a United States-based mainstream environmental organization. McDonalds and EDF formed a Joint task force that publicly released a six-month study of McDonalds entire range of packaging and materials management practices. The partnership is most widely known, however, for the fact that three months into the study, at the last minute, and under pressure from EDF, McDonalds abandoned the polystyrene boxes (called clamshells) it had traditionally used to ther arguably more important, and certainly less controversial work, including a 42-step action plan to lessen the environmental impacts of McDonalds business. My study seeks to recontextualize the packaging decision, considering it within the broader dynamics of the partnership and within the context of McDonalds prior corporate environmental advocacy. Further, it locates the McDonalds-EDF partnership within the broader realm of environmental politics in the late 1980s and early 1990s, an arena where nonprofit environmental groups began to play a new and important role. I focus on the symbolic and discursive aspects of the partnership. Relying on public relations material released by McDonalds and EDF before and during the partnership, as well as contemporaneous and subsequent news accounts, I show the variety and the variability of rhetorical strategies adopted by McDonalds in its attempt to construct itself as green in the eyes of its consumers and publics. I also explain the rhetorical approach used by EDF in its struggle to expand the scope of legitimate action by environmentalists to include collaboration with businesses. Green Partnerships: A New Kind of Alliance Alliances that have arisen between environmentalist groups and businesses in the last decade represent a shift in the arms-length, or adversarial, relationships among institutional stakeholders (business and environmentalists, environmentalists and government, government and business) traditionally concerned with problems of the natural environment (Long Arnold, 1995; Milne, lyer, Gooding-Williams, 1996; Westley Vredenburg, 1991). The new relationships have been described as path breaking and innovative (e. . , Coddington, 1993; Long Arnold, 1995; Ottman, 1994; Wasik, 1996). Typically, they are distinguishable from the prior charitable (e. g. , donations to or sponsorships of environmental causes) and commercial relationships (e. g. , calendars, T-shirts produced for environmental groups) because they engage the expert knowledge of the environmental group and involve it, to varying degrees, in Joint problem solving or strategic decision making with the corporate partner (Clair, M illiman, Mitroff, 1995). In this category are green product endorsements, audits by environmental groups of business programs or practices, and Joint projects of the type engaged in by McDonalds and EDF, where the corporate partners usiness practices are evaluated and improved according to ecological criteria. The History of the McDonalds-EDF Partnership In 1989-1990, McDonalds was the leader of the fast-food industry, with worldwide operations employing approximately 500,000 people in 11,000 restaurants and serving 22 million customers a day. At the time EDF approached McDonalds, its entanglement in controversy over its packaging frustrated the company. From EDFs perspective, McDonalds leadership position, its problematic history of waste management, and the iconic value of waste management as an environmental issue ade the company an attractive candidate for partnership. EDF saw significant opportunity for both environmental action and a major, high visibility, opportunity to test its innovative approach to environmental problem-solving through corporate partnerships. On the other hand, EDFs positioning as a mainstream environmental group made it an attractive ally. McDonalds earlier attempts to talk with the more radical Citizens Clearinghouse for Hazardous Waste (CCHW), one of the ecology Below I briefly summarize the background histories of McDonalds and EDF before turning to a description of the partnership. McDonalds Environmental Record With environmentalism on the rise among the general public in the 1980s, consumer- driven businesses were particularly subject to and sensitive about public pressure (Livesey, 1993a, pp. 2-4). Plastic had been demonized by several environmentalist organizations including the grassroots groups Greenpeace and CCHW. The use-and- dispose philosophy at the core of McDonalds business and its distinctive plastic clamshell sandwich boxes, which helped to make the company one of the largest single users of polystyrene in the United States, had made McDonalds a continuing target of ecology groups (Livesey, 1993a, p. ). Throughout the late 1980s, McDonalds instituted and publicized a number of environmentally positive steps in its domestic operations (see Figure 1). It reduced consumption, for instance, by using lighter weight paper in straws, paper bags and other items and recycled paper and cardboard packaging. In 1987, it switched from polystyrene (used for the clamshells) blown with CFCs, the family of chemicals which destroy the ozone layer, to plastic foam that used hydrocarbon blowing agents (Annual Report, 1989, pp. 10-15). In 1989, the company instituted a pilot program in 450 New England stores to recycle its lastic clamshells (Holusha, 1989; Livesey, 1993a, pp. 12-14). In April, 1990, it committed $100 million, or one quarter of the companys annual building and remodeling budget, to buy recycled materials for restaurant construction, remodeling, and operations under a program called McRecycle (Livesey, 1993a, pp. 3-14). In 1989 and 1990, McDonalds bolstered its environmental management practices with a proactive public relations campaign. The centerpiece was the 1989 Annual Report, which highlighted the issue of the natural environment. McDonalds also offered in-store flyers to educate customers about the companys environmental anagement practices, policies, philosophies, and posit ions on particular issues such as rainforest beef and the ozone problem. Brochures on environmental topics, including packaging, were available from its public relations department. In addition, McDonalds worked with several different environmental and nonprofit groups (e. g. , the World Wildlife Fund and the Smithsonian Institution) to coproduce elementary school materials on the environment. Despite its efforts, the company continued to be criticized. The Environmental Defense Fund Twenty years after being founded in 1967 as a grassroots group that litigated against he use of DDT on Long Island, EDF had become one of the Group of 10 mainstream U. S. organizations (Clair, Milliman, Mitroff, 1995, p. 168; Dowie, 1995). With a budget of close to $16 million (Reinhardt, 1992, p. ), its staff had expanded to include 110 lawyers, economists, and scientists; membership was greater than 200,000 (Livesey, 1993a, p. 14) and a Harvard Business School graduate served as chairman of its board of trustees (Reinhardt, 1992, p. 6). The scientific culture of its early days gave EDF a basis for positioning itself as a technical expert. In the late 1980s, its Executive Director Fred Krupp (1986) began to propose coalitions of former enemies (p. 34), that is, coalitions with corporate America, as an important tool for achieving environmental change. EDF thus differentiated its role within the competitive environmental movement, a move for which it was criticized by CCHW and other and too willing to compromise (Reinhardt, 1992, p. 5; see also Dowie, 1995, pp. 105-124). Before the McDonalds partnership, EDF had pursued various Joint projects with organizations and groups ranging from the World Bank to the electric utility industry to western water users (Reinhardt, 1992, p. 4). Further, like McDonalds, EDF ad participated in multi-party negotiations organized by the Coalition of Northeast Governors to develop waste management guidelines for New England. Thus, it had built expertise in the area of packaging and waste management and had enjoyed a working relationship with McDonalds representatives before the task force was initiated (EDF Fact Sheet, August 1, 1990). The McDonalds-EDF Alliance The task force history had three phases: the announcement of the McDonalds-EDF partnership on August 1, 1990; McDonalds decision to abandon its clamshell packaging on November 1, 1990; and the release of the Joint task force study on April 16, 1991. A brief history of the partnership follows (see Figure 2). The McDonalds-EDF joint task force on waste reduction was the outcome of a year of EDF-initiated dialogue with the company (Reinhardt, 1992, p. 9). The eight-member group included representatives from McDonalds, EDF, and The Perseco Company, McDonalds exclusive packaging supplier. Shelby Yastrow, General Counsel and Senior Vice President of Environmental Affairs at McDonalds, along with EDF Executive Director Fred Krupp, oversaw the group (McDonalds Corporation EDF Press Release, August 1, 1990). The alliance was structured by a formal written agreement (McDonalds EDF Final Report, 1991, pp. 5-6) that defined the issues the task force was to consider and set up some ground rules. Designed to anticipate potential conflict, the agreement included an escape clause in case of disagreement, preserved the parties rights to note publicly their differences, provided for the parties financial independence, and permitted each organization to pursue its own public relations and advocacy agendas on the environment during the period of the task force.