Trends of Punctuation in English and Lithuanian

Tr barricades of punctuation planetary house mark in English and Lithuanian foundation garmentThe world of get laidledge always tempted the scientists of whatsoever spheres. The nature, human body and humor gave birth to the many branches of cognizance such as physics, medicine and philosophy. The depth psychology of a expression was too peerless of the most popular branches of seek of the linguists and grammarians of the ordinal century. The unbounded interest in the development and variation of a run-in, and its social administrations delivered to the world the new approaches analysing the oral and write forms of any quarrel the phonology, phonetics, grammar and semantics. At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the scholars foc utilize on the study of fits and their pronunciation. The phoneticians and linguists analysed the origin of vowels and consonants, their grammatic construction and the interactions with separate(a) sounds, proffering different t heories on the rule of them. A few decades later, the volume of scientists turned their focus on the analysis of a communion, basic all(prenominal)y, the orally verbalised language. They gave birth to the new branch of the analysis of language the ornateness. Analysing the language as the changeable trunk of sounds and their combinations, the scientists believed that oral affordation of a language could be divided into smaller units, which were distinguished with the assistance of hearing. Moreover, this division could table service to instal the purpose of the model proveed, not merely indicating the mode of a talker, besides as well as presenting the make assist of a popular opinion in a condemnation.However, the sixteenth century and the growing needs of the create verbally textbookbooks, made the scholars to translate that the language was much(prenominal) complex establishment of dialogue. The influence of a church service encumbered the scientists. Consequently, the linguists had to concentrate not only on the mental synthesis of a sentence and its correlation in a paragraph they also had to recuperate a method to inbreathe the emotions to the write expressions of cerebrations, that the created sentences on the paper would have the corresponding inflection as it was produced orally in a conversation. In assemble to turn over this purpose the punctuation discover mark mark mark was created.Motivational basis of the research. The grammarians paid neat worry to the phonology, syntax, grammar, the organise of a sentence and its expressions in the oral and written forms. They notice that the oral body organize of the melodic theme c ared equal importance of the one visually presented. Moreover, the scientists realized that fair influence was made on the apprehension of a thought or a text. They believed that the punctuation was the basis not only in the specification of the purpose of a sentence, but also in the i dentification of a way of life of a text presented. In lodge to understand the purpose and the usage of marking, the scientists analysed punctuation from different trends of linguistic. Thus, the punctuation was divided into both different traditions the hot airal and grammatical.From elaboratenessal organise of watch over, the makeup played the most important role in any bod of communication. The grammarians untrue that composition was a foundation-s promissory note in the science of grandiosity. They presented a conjecture that a good text or a paragraph depended on three components clear thinking, study the best and most vigorous generators and everyday practice in writing, along with careful polishing of what we have written. ( Meiklejohn J. 1915175) In other words, the good presentation of a text, especially a thought expressed in written or oral form, depended on the refuse and considered grammatical construction of a sentence. The linguists, on the contrary , saw oral savoir-faire as a multimodal, multi channel event that encoded a lot of redundant teaching. (Dawnkings J. Breath, Grammar, and straightlaced punctuation 19251) According to them, batch varied the intensity of talking to spiel the intonation, making their voice to rise or to fall as rise as using the gestures, body language and facial expressions. These actions provided excess information on the message produced. The linguists also assumed that the punctuation was expressed with serve well of intonation, pitch and softens. Later, these methods took the role in the grammatical division of a sentence. chanting in written texts served as a visitler of signification providing more phrasing information to the realiseer. (Flippo R.F. Punctuationand intonation effects on the perception of texts 2001133). Pitch, on the other hand, signald the activated state of a speaker. Rising or falling character of any word uttered showed the feelings of a communicator eithe r anger, the cry, fight or command. The body language and gestures also assisted in the science of a thought expressed.Grammatical tradition of punctuation, however, lost these visual and auditive channels leaving only words and grammatical structures to carry the message. (Dawnkings J. 19252) The grammatical punctuation was utilize as system of label that separated or combined the words, sentences or their relegates. The linguists assumed that the primary(prenominal) get of the punctuation attach was to present a change by reversal meaning of a thought and a speaker or writer was responsible for this action. However, the grammarians soon realized that the at large(p) rules of punctuation not only provided the freedom of a writer to express their thoughts in the structure they wanted frequently, this method of punctuating texts led the readers into the ambiguity. Although, the grammarians tried to present and explain the grammatical rules in the simplest way as possible, m any volume as well as students yet confronted with the difficulties in punctuating any sentence or a text. Therefore, the interest in the punctuation as intonational wrench expressing the thought of a written language and the a go up difficulties analysing the sentence from structural imply of view in two languages English and Lithuanian languages have organize the motivation basis of the research.Different groups of linguists understood the idea of the punctuation differently. Ones heavy on the intonational parcel of the sentence and analysed the punctuation marks as the markers of the mood or stirred up state of a reader or a writer. differents believed that marking consisted of the strict, sometimes called dogmatic, grammatical rules which could divide the sentence for the further vivid analysis. From these opinions the traditional (rhetorical) and ultramodern (grammatical) concepts of the punctuation appeared.Although, the traditional visor of view of punctuation lo st the attention in the beginning of the sixteenth century, more and more the grammarians chose to focus their attention on the analysis of the text from the rhetorical point of view, and to practice this way of teaching the grammar, especially punctuation, concentrating on the volubility and the sound of the thought, kind of than the structure or strict order of the words. They were of the opinion that the voluminosity and eloquence of any text was provided through the intonation and the way to achieve that correct punctuation was required. It may seem that the grammatical point of view had the same function to indicate a sentence and provide the fluency of the thoughts or texts. However, modern view of punctuation concentrated on the structure of a sentence. It divided a text into units, sentences, and their parts. It indicated the beginning or the end of the thought presented in sentence provides the general information about a legitimate character of a sentence such as dec larative, affirmative, or question. Grammatical analysis distinguished the sentence into units, while rhetorical point of view presented the sentence analysing its voice expressed while reading in tranquil or out loud.The purpose of the research paper attempts both the introduction of the punctuation from the traditional and modern points of views and the relative analysis of punctuation marks comma and dashas well as their interactions with the structure and meaning of a sentence of the texts in English and Lithuanian languages.The main tasks for attaining the aim areto introduce a reader to the major trends of punctuationto collect the verifiable data coherent with the variation of the punctuation and its application of rules on the pilot texts and their translationsto analyse and compare the system and the usage of the punctuation marks of both languages Lithuanian and EnglishIn order to fulfil the research, the analytical, interpretive and comparative methods have been use. The study of analytical method is utilise for the analysis of scientific literature sources related to the punctuation, its development and the difficulty of its usage. The application of interpretive methods is required for the presentation of the different aspects and ideas presented in the analysis the punctuation. The comparative method provides the gap to distinguish the different functions of punctuation marks employ in the texts of scientific and belles-lettres fashions.Literature review. Analysing the punctuation from the very ground, it appeared that the first ever utilise mark in presenting a sentence was a space. Its function was to indicate a brief pause among the words either in oral or written forms. Though rhetoric was an ancient science of speaking, it also had some changes including the development of new theories on its function. Defining the rhetoric, it business leader be said that this science was a system of five canons inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria and pronuntiatio. (Naucknait 2000 12) These canons served as the guiding lines to the correct and clear way of a wrangle presented. Though, the classicists and modernists of rhetoric analysed the texts match to these five canons, they expressed different opinions on the relationship between a speaker and communication. The classicists believed that the mind was the most important feature in a human, while the main purpose of rhetoric was to stock the auditor. The chase of the modern rhetoric, on the contrary, verbalize that the significant part in a human was the feelings. The expression of feelings utilize in the communication provided the mutual apprehension between the speaker and the listener. Concentrating on the relationship of speaker and listener, the modernists drew a conclusion that the main purpose of rhetoric was to inform the listeners rather than to persuade. pass decades, however, made the linguists to realize the significant changes in the conception of rhetoric. Many of them noticed that the rhetoric started to be used an indicator of stylistics. Meiklejohn saw the rhetoric as the art of putting sentences together. (Meiklejohn J. M. D. English Grammar, its history and literature 1915 175) He state that a text has to be presented clear, coherent and vivid. (1915 175) To achieve this, the writer had to know the grammar, sentence structure, and the particularity of language and its clarity. rhetorical approach of punctuation presented the punctuation marks as indicators of the intonation. The stipulation of intonation referred to a means for transportation information in dialect which is independent of the words and their sounds. (Nolan F. 20061) According to Francis Nolan, the intonation fulfilled several tasks in analysing language. modulation signalled grammatical structure, reflected the information structure of an utterance, highlighting constituents of importance. (20061) The punctuation marks, used in the field rhetor ic analysis, provided a reader the stylistically presented text. In the text, the punctuation marks indicated the pitch (beginning or the end of the sentence), note of hand (the mood or attitude of a speaker), and pauses (the length of time, used between the words). Each mark had its own function, such as presenting a request, an order or command. In other words, punctuation provided a reader vivid and natural utterance of a language, which was very confusable to the conversation. The usage of a specific punctuation mostly depended on the style the text or a paragraph presented. Therefore, it major power be assumed that stylistics also contributed to the rhetoric. Knowing the style or genre of a written text (whether it was scientific, belles-letters or essay) it was easy to notice a particular structure of the sentences, which characterised the punctuation. A text, written on the scientific purpose, had more complicated structure of punctuation than the belles-letters. Long com plex sentences, un frantic, specific terminology and concrete language pictured the scientific style, where the basic punctuation marks appeared to be comma, semicolon and colon. On the contrary, the belles-letters style and essay offered more liberal marking system of a text using the figures of speech such as parenthesis, similes or periphrasis. These figures of speech often played the role of a text colouring.uperka K. in his urinate Stilistika showed the punctuation as a tool of a rhetoric, where the words provided the emotional shade of a sentence and the marks only indicated the mood of the speaker. carriage J., however, offered a different explanation of punctuation. According to him, punctuation was a system of principles that arose from nature of the living voice, from the perception of harmony in the ear, and from a certain super addition to the senesce of language, of which grammar took no account. (Walker J. A rhetorical grammar 182940) This physical body of attitude provided the basic explanation of the prediction of a mark. In order to present the actual intonation, used in any conversation or written text, the writers concentrated on the melody of a thought, rather than on the correct structure of a sentence. They wanted to save the natural fluency of words and sentences produced in the written texts, therefore, most of writers focused on the intonational part of a sentence, and its alteration during the conveyance of a correct meaning of a thought. Intonation, especially the rising or falling spirits, played as the indicators of emotions of a speaker as well as the directive in the finding of a sentence type.From structural point of view the punctuation belonged to the syntax a device of the communication and the expression of thoughts, presented in the form of informal language or written text. (Labutis V. Lietuvi kalbos sintaks 2002 7) Presenting punctuation as a device of the syntax( arevi 1997179), the grammarians and linguists conce ntrated on the functional structure of marking a sentence. The punctuation marks served as the indicators of the sentence or a text. They separated or combined particular parts of a sentence, or the whole units, marked the beginning or the end of thought. Other function of the marks was to present a clear, correct and emotional sentences used in silent reading, as they would be produced in oral communication with all specific details such as relish, intonation or pitch. Mcelroy J. presented the punctuation as a system ultimately controlled by the principles of construction or thought that depended upon the usage only so far as the usage truly represented these laws of thought and construction.(Mcelroy 18781) He assumed that the smell of punctuation marks and their quantity used in a text was a question of taste and depended on a writer. Although, clearly presented conception of the liberal punctuation gave the freedom to the creators of texts, it also influenced the text structur e and wrongly used punctuation, which let the reader or listener to the ambiguity and erroneously interpreted meaning of a thought. Therefore, the liberty of a writer to rent the punctuating marks according to his point of view, in modern English grammar was replaced by the strict and concrete rules of punctuation.Analysing Lithuanian, on contrary, it might be said that the modern punctuation of this language were taught and used as a strict system of the rules, indicating the way of punctuating a text. Recent research, however, presented a liberal tendency of the usage of punctuation. (Spingyt M. 20103)Spingyt M. stated that this liberation provided to the writer a possibility to correct the emotional weight of a sentence. (20103) It was a choice of a writer to mark or emphasize a specific word or part of a sentence, which, according to him, might have some additional or influential meaning. However, there was a possibility that this kind of liberalisation might negatively affec t the functions of separate punctuation marks. The liberal punctuation rules decrease the specific function of each punctuation mark, leaving a writer to decide which marking was better to be used. It might be stated that the liberal punctuation concentrated more on the intonation rather than grammatical structure of the sentence. This conclusion is based on an analysis of silent reading, which was more influenced by the visual usage of intonation and heart, and less- by the grammatical structure.The empirical data of the research.The primary resources of the bachelor paper are interpreted from the works Expression of the Communicative Function of Language in Punctuation by Spingyt M excogitation to Theoretical Linguistics by Lyons J, and the Forsyte sagaby Galsworthy J. The examples used in the analysis of the punctuation marks are taken from Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics and the Forsyte saga, and their translations to the Lithuanian language.The structure of the resear ch. The bachelor paper consists of the introduction, two main slits, conclusions and the references of the works used. The first part of the research introduces the reader to the two concepts of the punctuation, its variation and the application in the different fields of study. The first section contains the analysis of the punctuation marks from the traditional and modern points of view, i.e. the study of punctuation marks from rhetorical and grammatical fields, and their influence to the meaning of a context.The warrant part of the research paper provides the analysis on the system of punctuation, canvas the specific punctuation marks such as comma,dash and hyphen in English and Lithuanian languages, used in the texts of scientific and belles-lettres styles. The figures, presented in the second part were used to indicate the functions and the spread of their usage.Part IThe major trends of punctuationPunctuation has been an in dissociable part of written or mouth language. Th e punctuation marks, which served only as indicators of the elocution at the beginning of the fifteenth century, quickly influenced other parts of science grammar, syntax and nowadays astray analysed field of the programming.Through centuries, the formed theories of the purpose and the usage of punctuation marks intrigued the experts and scientists of any language. The grammarians such as George Puttenham and Simon Daines were the first ones who provided the classification of the English punctuation marks from the rhetorical point of view in their works The Arte of English Poesie and Orthoepia Anglicana. The main purpose was to bring, at least, the basic order of punctuation marks, which were helpless in the works of twelve century. The biggest merit was to be given to the grammarian Ben Johnson, who systemized the punctuation and provided its analysis from the syntactical point of view.This approach of the punctuation was used till the beginning of the twentieth century. Neverthe less, the Johnsons analysis had not provided a specific usage of marks the writers used commas with every subordinate clause and separable phrase.(Encyclopaedia Britannica Punctuation in English since 1600200885) Therefore, analyzing the texts of the middle and early modern English, the exuberant usage of the comma usually is found in those texts.Later decades brought more clarified analysis of the punctuation marks. The grammarians classified and structuralised the punctuation marks according to their purpose or functions. Punctuation became a significant part of structure and cohesion of any text. The deeper analysis of the text revived the interest of grammarians in punctuation not only from rhetorical point of view, but of grammatical as well. Punctuation became important attribute of grammar for the expression of thoughts and the correct dread of meaning of a sentence. It did conduce to make a written language more effective, by exhibiting with greater precision and definiten ess the ideas, feelings and emotions of an author. (Wilson J. A treatise on English punctuation 1856 2) Therefore, the main aim of the writers was to inbreathe the same intonational expression and emotional influence to the written texts, which was used in the speech and oral communication.1.1. Rhetorical tradition of punctuationRhetoric was the oldest science that analysed a language from the oral perspective. Defined as the Art of Persuasionand artistic use of language for the sake of aesthetic effects(Jonge C. 200849), rhetoric also served as the use up to correct pronunciation and rhythm, used in speaking or the speech presentations. (Walker J. 1829 ii) Intonation, pitch, the length of pause, all these elements were classified as important features used in simple communication or presenting a speech. Moreover, they not only presented a language as a rhythmical system of sounds, they also provided additional information about the speech and the speaker himself. The rhetoricians believed that these elements of language were physical the disagreement words made and the rhythm of their relationship. (Tredinnick M. Writing well 2008 14) In other words, they had the ability to change the meaning of a sentence produced, when the pitch or tone was used incorrectly.Since the oral communication was the first human criterion towards the analysis of a language as a separate field, rhetoric had to carry two functions to correct the prosody of oral language and to present the basic grammar, in this case- punctuation. The rhetoricians stated that the speech of any style provided to earreach had to respond to five basic questions, also called cannons a) inventio, b) dispositio, c) elocutio, d) memoria and e) pronuntiatio. (Naucknait 2000 12) Each of the canons had specific function which was indispensable in order to express the thoughts in correct and graceful manner of speaking.Inventio was used to gather and classify the material related to the topic. The speaker had to specify the information used in writing a speech.The term dispositio stood for the enunciation. Its purpose was to group the elements of language logically.Elocutio (style) served as the indicator of a speech presented. It was used as guiding line identifying a style of the written text and the correct grammatical usage of language.Memoria (memorization). Each speech, presented to the audience, needed to be learnt by heart.Pronuntiatio (speaking). The purpose of this canon was to present the speech in correct manner of articulation and gestures. A speaker had to pay attention to the intonation, pitch, tone of the speaking voice, especially, in order to convey the correct meaning of the thought apart from the articulation, a speaker needed to use the gestures that convinced the meaning of a though expressed.The rhetoricians believed that, being correctly used, these canons could present the perfect foot of written or mouth work. However, rhetoric was used not only the elocu tion, it also involved the concrete cycle of transformation of a thought to a word. In other words, the silent or loud reading also was under the influence of the rhetoric. The reading itself was regarded as a system of rules, which teaches us to pronounce written composition with justness, energy, variety, and ease. (Walker J. 182939).Thus, it might be assumed that the reader needed to use a combination of rhetoric and grammar, in order to understand a text correctly, and to convey the correct meaning to the listener (if a text was read out loud).The rhetoric, mostly, the communication itself, involved every part of human life thought, language, voice and action.(Naucknait 200013) Although the main canons remained the same, passing decades brought some disagreements between the scholars who analysed the rhetoric. The rhetoricians were in the dilemma regarding the approach to a human and communication. These disagreements divided rhetoric into two groups classical and modern rhetori c. (see control panel 1) The following of classical rhetoric believed that the main purpose of rhetoric was to persuade a listener it meant to present the ideas, which were correct and kept as facts, until other, more persuasive, thoughts appeared. The information presented needed to be clear, correct and concrete, without any additional elements.The followers of modern rhetoric disagreed with the classicists. The modernists assumed that a text presented had to inform listeners or readers rather than to persuade them. The communication with the audience was the requirement the information presented needed to imply some feelings to the audience. Modernists believed that great influence of any speech resided not only in its structure or the specific information, but also in the manner of its presentation. It might be said that the modernists had found a more delicate way to control the attention of a listener or larger audience.Table 1. The differences in classical and modern rhetori cThough, the approach of human and communication in the rhetoric confronted disagreements between the scientists, the function of punctuation was clearly definedthe chief reason for punctuating to clarify the figure structure of language that would-or simply might-otherwise be confusing or misleading. (Lauchman R. Punctuation at Work 200224) In rhetoric, however, punctuation was used for a wider purpose. In order to present stylistically correct and living sentences or text, the punctuation concentrated on the speech patterns such as pitch, tone or intonation. Each mark had to fulfil a specific function that would help the reader or speaker to produce the texts more naturally, i.e. to inbreathe the exact or, at least, similar sound of a tones or pitch used in the oral communication. Moreover, the punctuation marks provided the meaning of the finished thought or showed the need of additional information as well as indicated the type or the functions of the sentences. For instance, t he full stop showed the end of a sentence, which had the falling tone. The thought was finished, and had no additional meaning. The question mark, on the contrary, introduced the reader to the rising tone and intonation, and showed the need of additional information form the different speaker. Though, each punctuation mark was important in the reading and understanding any written text, comma, dash and hyphen were widely used in rhetorical punctuation.1.1.1. comma and intonationCommunication was inseparable part of human life. It helped to understand others, read their actions, or simply to exchange the information with each other. Writing as well as speaking had the same purpose to present any information to a reader. However, the complication arose the most of the aspects of a language used in speaking were not as well represented in writing the rises and falls in pitch, the accents, the pauses, the rhythm, the variations in voice quality all of them features of sound that contr ibuted significantly to speaking but that writing showed haphazardly if at all.(Chafe W. 19891) Thus, the main purpose of the usage of punctuation was to present the visual same to the spoken language in order to show the correct tone or intonation used in the sentence. The missed or misplaced punctuation mark often led to the mistake of the meaning. The equal misinterpretation of a meaning depended on the rhythm, i.e. the stress marks and the length of syllables.Intonation itself strongly effected the communication the correct function of information depended on the manner of its utterance. The linguists noticed that people more violently react to intonational meanings than to lexical ones. (Hewings M. Tone Choice in the English Intonation of Non-Native Speakers 1995 251) It might be stated that the information presented to the audience usually was under the influence of intonation. Pitch, rising or falling tones began to play the significant role in the quality of any spoken text. A speaker needed to pay attention not only on spoken text, but also to control his voice level and the length of pauses between the words. The scientists of phonetics noticed that the variations in a spoken activity were influenced by several external factors environment, the rank of people spoken to and the audience to which information was presented. Through the careful analysis of speech activities, the scientists noticed the three styles of pronunciation formal, careful colloquial, and fast familiar. Formal style of pronunciation was used to reading, reciting, speaking before larger audience, at ceremonies, or delivering an academic lecture. (Hoppe R. 2004 20) The careful colloquial style had medium tempo and used the assimilations. This style was used in every-day conversations, when talking to the official persons or strangers.( Hoppe R. 2004 20) The rapid familiar style was expressed in rapid conversations speaking with friends, in the family, or in the pub. (Hoppe R. 2004 20) This style used fast speed, the assimilations and reductions.The speech spoken in rapid tempo lessened the length of a pause in a sentence this led listeners not only to the misinterpretation of the whole information, but also to the annoyance towards the speaker because the information spoken in rapid manner was hard to follow. The slow speaking, on the contrary, all-encompassing the length of pauses and they lost main function. A speech or presented text became monotonic and hard to follow, as well as influenced the variation of tone the long pauses changed the structure of sentence. Therefore, in order to control the length and structure of the sentences, punctuation was used.It might be stated that comma was the most widely used punctuation mark in rhetoric. The main function of this mark was to present the pauses between the words and to indicate a type of tone or intonation used in a sentence. The changes of intonation depended on the place of comma used in a senten ce. In other words, comma separated the words from them to running to other parts of a sentence influencing their changes of intonation. To present the deeper analysis of the tone and intonational variations, the sentences from Galsworthy J. work The Forsyte Saga and its translation into Lithuanian by Irena Baliunien were chosen. The visual presentation of the flow and the alteration of the tone and intonation of sentences were analysed using the special marking. (see Table 2)Table 2. The symbols used for the transcription of the pronunciationThe symbolThe purpose of usage. long pauseshort pauselow falling melod

Gender Discrimination Of Black Women Sociology Essay

sex activity Discrimination Of Black Wowork push Sociology EssayIt is illegal, selfish and un rightfulnessful to discriminate mess because of their sexuality or track when it comes to the institution of usage. This includes recruit handsts, transfers, trainings, layoffs, incentive packages, promotion, hypothesise classifications, salaries/remunerations, name of work and retirement benefits. This is what the federal legal philosophy says in Title heptad of the Civil Rights Act (Hagen, 2011). It was passed in 1964 and has not changed yet. Meaning, it is still the indispensable impartiality on homophobic procedures. This law is binding to all employers (state, private, employment agencies, NGOs), heedless(prenominal) of their setups. Besides the federal law, the California State Law, FEHA, is quite clear and specific about gender contrast at work (Fair Employment Practices Guidelines, 2005). wish well the state of California, many other states and nations strongly forbid sex and race dissimilitudes when it comes to the work-place.Well, according to the latest statistics, the gender and race dissimilitude is still as alive and active in the U.S as it was before the passing of the law in 1964. The country comprehends to reflect un agentable and illicit discrimination of women in the work force. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (USBLS) reveals that women functional within the equivalent environment, and doing the same job as men, earn much less comp bed to their colleagues (Gregory, 2003). hike up to this, according to the World Economic Forum on Gender discrepancy (WEFGD), there is no nation in the solid ground that has managed to eliminate gender or race discrimination in the workplace.The purpose of this paper, however, is to look at the gender discrimination of desolate women in the work force and how it differs from coloured men and color men and women in the workforce. In order to do this, this work begins by looking at th e general discrimination of women, and how it becomes much specific when it comes to bleak women in the work force. It in standardised manner looks at the hatch personal manner between fateful women and dimmed men in the work place. Thirdly, it looks at how the discrimination of portentous women differs from gloomy men and vacuous-hot men and women in the work force. And lastly, the paper concludes with a summary of the contents discussed in the replete(p) paper.General discrimination of womenThe gender gap between men and women is obviously huge, and deeply historical. The contrast is even so scarier when cardinal pictures the cin one and only(a) caseption of boys and girls in the developing world. Boys ar seen as insurance to the family, with much expectation that they will one day obtain a job and support their family. It is also seen as their birth-right to inherit their familys property. The situation is not the same with girls. Girls ar seen as expenses t o the family. In some environments women even moan when they discover that they beat conceived a girl. The world is perceived to be for men, while women belong at home. Its no enjoy in India when a baby-girl is born she is received as the servant of the household.Clearly, the discrimination of women in the society is a disturbing reality. With the perception of men as insurance and women as household servants, women cant stop themselves from feeling inferior. Everything shows they atomic number 18. Their individuality has been forged by the discriminatory structures of the society. One thing that the male dominated society is slow to learn is that women have a place in the affectionate and economic development of the society. The devastating effects of women discrimination in one way or the other comes round to men (William, 2012). epoch most developed countries, like the U.S, cunningly try to play everything right, they cannot uphold conceal the fact that gender discriminat ion is real and kicking in the workplace. When it comes to promotion, job classification, sexual anguish, working terms etc, the United States is evidently on the spot (Gregory, 2003).According to the research by the Global Campaign for discipline (GCE), one in every five girls is uncomfortable with her gender. They feel girls are more restricted when it comes to freedom, education, employment opportunities, and security matters. They also believe that women are more likely to be nettle and victimized by their employers than are men. But despite all the international laws, including the Convention on the exclusion of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), prohibiting all forms of in fittedities, gender discrimination remains a serious tender setback (Blanchfield, 2010).Besides, it is a reality that most women continue working in employments separated as effeminate occupations. It is also a damn veracity that women in the same job categories as men earn much less t han their male colleagues (Drydakis, 2012). Apparently, women earn 23 cents less for every dollar a man earns. Even when it comes to promotion, some women demand it up the ladder. Then there is the issue of harassment. Women are constantly harassed and intimidated in their workplaces (Ferriss, 1971). Most employers do not take into rumination issues such as pregnancy and family responsibility (William, 2012). If they do, the pay reflects it all. Well, somebody efficacy argue that women do not negotiate sound enough with their employers for reform honorarium as men do. That might be true, but evidences from women who have tried negotiating for their pay are found to have met bitter reactions. It is even true that most women who negotiate for their salaries during interviews are more likely to be dropped than men who employ the same tactics. And lastly, there is nothing more cross than to be discriminated first of all, because you are a woman, and secondly, because you are gri m (Feder Brougher, 2012). This is what caustic women go through.Discrimination of black women in the work forceAfrican American women have greatly get aheaded when it comes to education and taking up tasks that were once reserved for men and possible lividness American women. In fact, in the black American community today, women are more master and better than black men. However, these women still have it rough when it comes to securing places in the work force. For those who make pass to find jobs, they are constantly demod with challenges of either gender or racial discrimination, or even both (Gregory, 2003).Black women blame their plight on three reasons. One, they are discriminated because they are black. Two, they are discriminated because they are women. And three, they are discriminated on the grounds of the combination of the two (race and gender). In accompaniment to the fit vulnerabilities, African American women live in neighborhoods that are miles away from t he employment opportunities. They also earn much less compared to what the black men and snowyned women and men earn (Perlman, 1994).There is also the existing negative stereotype of African American single mothers (Bobbitt-Zeher, 2011). Way before the federal law on gender discrimination was passed in 1964, single black mothers were totally under-respected and disregarded in the society. In actual fact, they earned less salary and received minimal benefits compared to what the tweed single mothers earned and received. Apart from the few changes that were brought about by the legislation of 1996, which prohibited discrimination against single mothers, this brain literally lingered on to todays workplace. For instance, as of 2007, the poverty rate for African American children from single mother families was at 49.4 percent compared to 42 percent of white American children from single mother families.Nothing much has polarized the discrimination of black women in the last few ye ars than the anti-poverty policy introduced by George W. Bush. This policy, also called the marriage initiative, assumed that single mothers were ridiculous because they were not married. Well, this has worked well for white single mothers who moved into marriage with their husbands from wealthy backgrounds. But the same cannot accommodate to the black single mothers. They are not married primarily because of the poor economical prospects, and not vice versa. Getting married isnt the solution, but acquiring good jobs. Unfortunately, this is where the problem is. worsened still, white employers would rather employ black men than hire black women in their work force. It is much worse for black single mothers.A combination of race and gender discrimination of black women in the work force is perhaps the worst social inequality, especially if it is coming from the society that is supposed to champion equal homophile rights for all. Like the white women, the black women find themselv es between very left(p) situations, especially if they have to make decisions based on the available options. here is a professional woman with all the academic qualifications looking for one of the best jobs on the land, but the society says no, your place is the stereotype female jobs. In fact, with all the qualifications you wont earn as much as men do. Then there is the issue of harassment and unequal manipulation at the workplace (Sanchez-Hucles, 1997). This is the situation most women find themselves in. Much to the wound, black women have also to bear the racial discrimination. Like black men, they face the negative stereotypes from the white race which limit their ability to be pretty employed in the work force. In many ways, they find themselves excluded from working in most of the enviable jobs and organizations. Besides, black women also have to partake with oppressive attitudes that deny them equal opportunities in the workplace. This double vulnerability (gender and race) is the reason behind the discrimination of black women in the work force (Ferriss, 1971).The force of black women discriminationThe discrimination of black women in the work force is a significant social setback and its consequences directly impact on the society, especially on the black families. It is a reality that black families in the United States mainly generate their family income from their wages. Unlike the white American families, which for the most part generate their income from inherited and well established firms, the black community has to go and look for job opportunities to get their income. Little kn knowledge is that black women are also the major income providers for their families. When there are limited economic prospects and promote market opportunities for black women in the work force, the entire black families contribute the consequences, so is the national economy (Roscigno, 2007).How black women differ from black menWhile both the African Amer ican women and men suffer from the racial discrimination, it is the women who are on the worst end, given the negative gender disparity in America and elsewhere in the world. scorn great progress that African American women have gained, especially in education and occupational status, they are still considered inferior to black men, and white men and women. Worse still, in the workplace, black women are paid much less than black men. A research conducted in 2005 showed that black women earned only lxxx sevensome cents for a jibe dollar earned by men. By 2006, over thirteen percent of African American women were poorer compared to only seven percent of black men (Alkadry Tower, 2011)There is also the aspect of job security. Most employers are so relaxed when it comes to employing black women. They would rather have the black men around than employee black women. There is no better way to explain this except on the line of gender discrimination and a little bit of racial prejudic e. It is also astonishing to see black women, who are generally more educated and in high professional positions than black men, earn much less than they do (Sanchez-Hucles, 1997).Black women and white men and women in the work placeLike with the research on black women compared to black men, statistics carried out in 2005 showed that white women earned 15 percent more than what black women earned for the same job. This was narrowed polish to 85 cents for black women for every 1 dollar earned by white women. They also showed that black women earned 67 cents for a corresponding dollar earned by white men. When this data was reviewed in 2006, a high percentage of 13 of black women were found to be poor. plainly now 4 percent and 7 percent of white men and women separately were found to be poor. This revealed the extent to which discrimination on black women had negatively impacted on their livelihood.It is also shocking true that for every black woman employed in the work force tw o white women are equally hired. The other difference between black and white women is explicit when it comes to finding their first jobs. Observably, young African American women get their first jobs after a long struggle. It is not so with the white women they get their first jobs within a shorter period (Perlman, 1994).ConclusionDespite all the developments, especially on laws prohibiting inequalities of any nature, gender and racial discrimination are still significant social realities. The United States, particularly, continues to reflect illogical and illicit discrimination of women in the work force. But it is not just women. Black women are the most affected with this negative stereotype in the workplace. In reality, African American women face up to the same issues as white women, and so are the African American men and white men. However, factors such as gender, race and social stereotypes have made it so difficult for black women to feel equal with the rest of the catego ries. In addition to carrying the burden of searching for a job and putting up with the discriminatory issues at the workplace, black women also have an extra baggage of dealings with the economic insecurities among African American men. While white women rely on their white men for economic support, black women face the realities of dealing with their own economic situation. It is high time the states, and in deed the entire social setup, came up with policies that would help black women overcome the predicaments that have been unfairly and unlawfully imposed on them by the societal structures. The black women, just like the white women, black men and white men, have the right to freedom, equal job opportunities, education and security. They need to be respected and protected from harassment and victimization at the workplace.

Importance Of Using Self Compacting Concrete Construction Essay

Importance Of victimisation self-importance Compacting cover Construction Essay10 weeksCivil EngineeringM.Sc. Civil Engineering Structural Engineering permit given to fleshly exertion this depictWord handbill 3185The Importance of Using Self Compacting cover (SCC) in Engineering Applications2 September 2011 crimpThe self-compacting cover (SCC) was outgrowth produced and developed in Japan in 1988 to come across stable cover structures. Since it was produced in Japan, self-compacting cover has been use in Japan, europium and the United State of America because it has m some(prenominal) benefits. This purpose anyow foring first of all be aimed to gain understanding more about SCC. Secondly, its importance uses regarding obliging engineering fields and finally, it shows some advantages and possible disadvantages or d grossbacks of apply SCC. The of import conclusions from this study is that utilise of SCC prat reduce the w arion term completion of throw away effectively, increasing the efficiency of the project production and improving proceed surround. Based on researches, it ignore be expected that victimization SCC will be increased progressively.CONTENTSAbstractIntroduction 11. historic reasons for development of SCC 32. Ingredients and requirements of SCC mixture 43. Mechanism for achieving self-compact strength of tonal concrete 64. Some coverings of SCC 85. The advantages of apply SCC in engineering implementations 106. Disadvantages and obstacles for the implementation of SCC 13Conclusion 15References 16IntroductionConcrete has become ace of the most popular verbal expression materials in solid groundwide, this because its raw materials dismiss be offer upd widely in antithetical places near the world and it is considered as the man-made material. Moreover, it has a key role to play in sustainable social organization, since it necessitys less effort in its manufacture. These facts strike not unless led to umte en inventions in the field of concrete exclusively boast also led to many studies in order to cleanse its role, reducing the terms of implementation and make the concrete friendly with the environment besides, amending its aesthetical appearance when it is apply as a structural anatomical structure members.Nowadays, It quarter be seen that as a result of the research progressions refer the concrete technology, divers(prenominal) examples of concrete much(prenominal) as High deed Concrete, Ultra High strength concrete, Light Weight Concrete, Architectural Concrete and Self compacting concrete (SCC) argon constructly heard not solitary(prenominal) among engineering Society notwithstanding ordinary people also. In this prospective, the sense and more knowledge regarding the concrete fonts should be considered. In fact, civil engineers should take a shit more aw beness and information about concrete types so as to be able to keep themselves abreast with the most r ecent developments, fresh technological innovations and coming(prenominal) prospects.Regarding the SCC, it erect be considered as a one of the recent developing types of contemporary concrete. It is an innovative concrete mixture that can be mold into place without the use of vibrators to form a product free of empty spaces at heart the form plow. It is commercially kn accept by various names such as self-consolidating concrete, self-compacting concrete, self- takeing concrete, or rheop finisic concrete (Mehta and Monteiro 2006 476). The Prototype of (SCC) was first developed in 1988 in Japan, by Professor Ozawa in 1989 at the University of Tokyo (Okamura and Ouchi 2003).However the name of SCC was given to this Prototype by Okamura of the University of Tokyo.The aim of this project is to review or gain understanding about SCC in terms of its ingredients, mixture requirements and mechanism for achieving self-compatibility depending on previous researches. It also evaluates the r esults of using this type of concrete in some modern implementations. Finally, it demonstrates the benefits and potential disadvantages of using SCC in terms of safety, economy, and social organization musical note.1. Historical reasons for development of SCC consort to Goodier (2003405), the initial effect of Self compacting concrete was in Japan in the late mid-eighties and its subsequent introduction into Europe through Sweden in the mid- to-late 1990s.In the 1980s, the occupation of the durability of concrete structures and acceptable compaction were the main subject that was considered in Japan meanwhile, the skilled workers were undeniable in order to reach indestructible concrete and acceptable compaction. It seems to be the lack of the outlets of skilled workers in Japans wrench industry at this time was the main reason for descend in the quality of anatomical structure work. One solution for come throughment of durable concrete structures was the using of self-c ompacting concrete, which can be compacted into every corner of a formwork, completely by office of its own weight and without the need for vibrating compaction. This means that it can be gained sustainable concrete structures and acceptable compaction by using minimum number of workers and equipment (Fig.1).Moreover, the use of SCC was also implemented to provide economic, social and environmental benefits over formal vibrated concrete facial expression.(Okamura and Ouchi, 20035)The conception of this type of concrete was proposed by Professor Hajime Okamura in 1986 who Studied the development of self-compacting concrete and comprised a fundamental study on the workability of concrete (Okamura and Ouchi 2003).2. Ingredients and requirements of SCC mixtureWith note to its composition, SCC includes the same components as conventionally vibrated normal concrete, which be cementitious materials, different sizes of aggregatives, and pee, additives and admixtures. On the new(pr enominal)(a) hand, in the SCC, full(prenominal) volume of super plasticiser for reduction of the liquid limit and for repair workability, the high powder satiate as lubricant for the coarse aggregates, as well as the use of viscosity-agents to increase the viscosity of the concrete get down to be taken into account (Dehn et al. 2000).Regarding to the requirements of SCC mixture, a concrete mix can only be classified advertisement as SCC if the requirements for all the followe spend workability properties are ful adjoined which are filling ability, Passing ability, and Segregation resistance (Abdul Hameed 2005).Filling ability or diminish ability means that, the SCC must have the ability of to fill a formwork entirely under its own weight. According to the European Guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete (2005 20), the tests that are used for assessing filling ability of the fresh SCC are Slump- attend, and Kajima box.Passing ability means that the SCC must have the ability t o lead through restricted places, such as spaces between steel reinforcing bars, great corners, and small openings, without using any means of vibrators (to flow by its own weight), also without produce any blocking or hindrance during its use. According to the European Guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete (2005 20), the tests that can be used to check out passing ability are U-box, L-box, Fill-box, and J-ring test methods.Segregation resistance means that the SCC must meet the filling ability and passing ability with homogenised composition during and after the process of transport and placing.It is largely pass judgment that the three main properties of fresh self-compacting concrete must then be maintain for required period of time after mixing.3. Mechanism for achieving self-compact ability of fresh concreteOkamura and Ouchi (20035 ) suggested that In order to achieve self -compact ability of fresh concrete, deformability of erstwhile(prenominal) ( mortar) and resista nce to segregation between aggregate particles and mortar when the concrete flows through the restricted zone of reinforcing bars, have to be considered.Okamura and Ozawa (1995) have utilized the following methods to achieve self-compact ability of fresh concrete. Firstly, they limited the make sense of aggregate content (coarse aggregate 50% of the concrete volume and lynchpin 40% of the mortar volume).Secondly, they used low water/powder ratio, with high dosage of superplasticizer admixture. According to SHETTY (2005573), using superplasticizer which is used with concrete components as an indispensable chemical admixture, leads to increase the workability of fresh concrete without regard to reducing water content in the concrete mixture.When concrete is placed in to the formwork, the coitus distance between the concrete particles will decrease. As a result, the relative frequency of collision and contact can increase and consequently, inside clangors between concrete part icles also increase, especially near hindrances. Research has found that the energy which is required for flowing the concrete during the hustleing is consumed by the increased internal friction between particles, and resulting in blockage of aggregate particles to flow through enwrapped places. For this reason, limiting amount of coarse aggregate, whose consume more energy, to a level lower than normal will increase the efficiency of concrete flow ability and distract concrete particles from this kind of blockage.To prevent the interlocking (blockage) relative incidence of coarse aggregate when the concrete is poured through obstacles, highly viscous past is required. Since the concrete which has a high viscosity prevents localized increases in internal stress as a result of the approach of coarse aggregate particles (Okamura and Ouchi 20036).4. Some applications of SCCBased on the researches which have been performed on SCC over the last two decades, it can be said that the us e of SCC has been increased dramatically. It is commonly used in place of traditional concrete not only to reduce time of construction projects but also to reduce the cost of construction projects. According to Okamura, Whatever conventional concrete can do, SCC can do better, faster, and cheaper, especially for concrete elements with special textures, complex shapes, and congested reinforcements (Mamaghani et al. 20105). It can be seen that in that location are a range of using of SCC around the world. Many researches show that this type of concrete is commonly used within cast-in-place (in field) and precast construction. Furthermore, it is also used in the structural and architectural concrete sections where the tightness of steel reinforcement and /or outdoors quality is required. However, other implementations of SCC include drilled piers, caissons, bridge abutments and walls.In Japan, the first use of SCC was in 1991 for the construction of bridge towers (Daczko and Vachon, 2006638). While the first large-scale project using SCC was the Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, which completed in 1998. It is estimated that the construction time of this project was trim down by 20%, from 2.5 to 2 years due to the use of SCC (ibid.). A back up implementation was performed, in 1998, for the building of the walls of a natural gas tank car for the Osaka Gas Company. The estimated amount of SCC that was been using during the construction is approximately 12000 m3. It was observed that the construction time of the project was also shortened from 22 to18 months meanwhile the number of labours worked in the project was reduced from 150 to 50 (ibid.).In Sweden, the Sodra Lanken compute (SL) was one of the largest infrastructure projects that were implemented by using SCC. The total cost of this project was estimated at approximately 800 million USD. Ouchi et al. (2003) point out that the SL project included seven major junctions, with bridges, earth retention walls, tunnel ent rances and concrete box tunnels the overall length of the rock tunnels were 16.6 kilometers. Also, the volume of concrete used in the project estimated at 225,000 cubic meters. It was observed that SCC was used in the project because it included structural sections that were required high demands on aesthetics, and at the same time they were difficult to compact by normal vibration.Recently, the reinvigorated York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) has used significant amounts of SCC. Mamaghani et al. (2010 5) report that the actual projects in the refreshful York State include the use of SCC for prestressed, high mathematical operation concrete bridge beams on the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway from 61st Street to Broadway in New York City. According to a NYSDOT official, The performance of SCC has been excellent. NYSDOT is achieving very swell quality with a minimum of defects. There has been a sensitively higher cost for admixtures, but NYSDOT saves on labor.It can be anticipated that, in the future, concrete elements or buildings will be objected considering SCC from the start with shapes, textures, and structures that would be impossible to achieve with normal concrete.6. The advantages of using SCC in engineering implementationsImproved concrete construction environmentThe SCC is considered an environmentally friendly material. Firstly, regarding the construction turn up, the SCC can eliminate the need for vibration to compact the concrete since SCC has ability to fill the form work completely under its own weight. The compaction of fresh concrete by vibration is generally recognized as a heavy physical job and an unpleasant activity in the concrete construction process. Moreover, using the vibration can also cause high noise levels which are not good for public health especially the health of the operators. Secondly, the acceleration generated by vibrators can reach 0.70 to 4m/s2 and has potential to injure the vibrator operator. Hence, el iminating the vibration significantly advances health and the environment on a concrete construction site (Li 2011). It can be said that some skills and experience are compulsory for vibrator operators in compacting fresh concrete in order to gain a satisfactory concrete. Lack of experienced workers in many regions may lead to decline the quality of concrete. It is generally accepted that the application of SCC can take in this problem and ensure consistent high quality for concrete structures. efficient productionWith respect to the required number of labours on the construction project compared with conventional (normal) concrete types, the SCC needs less number of workers and shorter times for placing (casting). It is generally believed that by using SCC, the process of production can be accelerated, and the quality of concrete structures can be improved as well. According to Peterson (200866), the elimination of vibration means rationalised casting technique with less need of personnel department and/or more rapid production cycles and thereby presumptively reduced production costs.New opportunities with respect to architectural and structural applicationsSCC benefits structural and architectural applications. New types of structural elements, which were not possible to be produced by traditional concrete, can be produced by using SCC because these types of structural elements include different types of steel or concrete structural elements with more complex shapes, which are thinner with a much heavier reinforced cross section.With regard to the construction of heavy structure (mega structure) fields such as multistory building, high rise building or ultra-high rise building, since the SCC does not need any vibrators and finishing scrape up tools, it means that it reduces lifting of heavy equipment and reduces handling of fresh concrete by labours. Also, there is no need of repairs to hardened concrete as there are no chances for producing any rema rkable voids.With respect to construction consideration, Ouchi et al. (200318) found that When placing a new layer of SCC on old SCC, the stay between the old and new SCC is equal to or better than in the case of conventional vibrated concrete. On this basis it may be inferred that the normal vibrated concrete needs vibration to provide well compacted concrete, while SCC will not need the vibration and consequently it will not degrade the concrete.Regarding the durability of SCC, researches have shown that ingredients of SCC and the avoidance of using vibration have a significant role in improving the microstructure of the concrete (Holton 2004). The ingredients and avoidance of using vibration acquires the concrete many benefits. First, they gain the concrete lower surface permeability and absorption against harmful chemical materials such as chlorides and carbon copy dioxide which have a negative effect on the durability of concrete. Second, they improve the resistance of the c oncrete against freezing- thawing which the concrete may be subjected during different seasons. Finally, they play a key role in producing a good bond between the concrete materials and the steel reinforcement after the concrete hardening.Another advantage of the SCC is that, it can be used when the normal situation of concrete is difficult e.g. tunnel linings, heavily reinforced structures, prestress concrete structures and other inaccessible places. One example is the design of the Millennium Tower in Vienna, which is described as it had been impossible to build without using SCC (Peterson 200866). Moreover, Using SCC for the construction of tall building, bridge tower, and tunnels leads to increase the use of concrete pumping. Nowadays, by using special high- pressure pumps, SCC can be pumped distance as far as 1400m horizontally or as high as 420m vertically (Li 2011130).7. Disadvantages and obstacles for the implementation of SCCAbsence of acceptance SCCDespite the fact that t he SCC has a great numbers of stunning and successful applications it was only hesitantly accepted by the industry. This could be attributed to a number of reasons (Holton 2004).First of all, the standard specification tests that were used for testing and evaluation conventional concrete was no longer efficacious for SCC. As a consequence, it was very difficult to smoothly put SCC into practice also, sooner using SCC, the intensive preparation efforts were required in the science laboratory in order to achieve an appropriate quality. Second, the sensitivity of SCC is increased proportionally with change of its mix proportions (particularly the water content) or with change of the environment such as temperature variations. This increased sensitivity produces an extra hindrance to the wider use of SCC as it puts a prices working at the production field (ibid.).Potential disadvantages and obstacles of using SCCBased on the recent studies, despite the possible benefits of SCC compa red to normal concrete, it can be seen that the implementation of the SCC is still noticeably limited. According to Peterson (200867), the obstacles for increased application of this type of concrete can be attributed to technical and non- technical aspects. In the SCC, the quality of mix design and the conditions of casting concrete should be considered slight differences in mix proportions or during its casting may cause a number of technical quality problems that may pose as hindrances for future use of SCC.Despite of the intensive and extensive studies on SCC, it can be seen that there are still some unsolved technical problems and a great number of technical difficulties cerebrate to SCC. Peterson (200867) described these problems in many aspects such as the problems related to the quality production of the ready-mix design and the Problems related to the hardened SCC especially when there is a low surface quality which leads to reduce fire resistance due to spalling, increase crack owing to early shrinkage. It is widely accepted that SCC tends to dry faster than traditional concrete, since there is slight or no bleeding water at the surface before it is hardened. For this reason, SCC should be cured when it is practicable after placement to avoid the incidence of surface shrinkage cracking. Moreover, Peterson (200871) indicates that although the SCC has been considered as one of the main authorised invented technology for a more rational way of building with cast in-situ concrete there are some projects where SCC has led to raise technical problems such as concrete segregation with non-acceptable surfaces, concrete cracking owing to plastic shrinkage and formwork failure due to the high form pressure that may be produced as a result of the flow ability feature of SCC. It would appear that further studies are required to achieve a durable and fully satisfying concrete product.ConclusionIt can be concluded that SCC helps to improve the environment of t he construction locations (reducing noise produced in the plants and construction fields) and reducing the exposure of labours (Reduction manpower) where concrete is being casted. In the other word, the SCC is an ideal type of concrete that can be used for qualify spaced of reinforcement and architectural demanding sections, or, in more general , for all structural applications where require higher efforts in order to gain ample compaction. Furthermore, it can be seen that SCC offers many other benefits for the precast, prestressed concrete sector and for cast-in-place construction such as eliminated problems related to vibration, faster construction, gaining higher strength and better quality for the concrete after hardening.On the other hand, Although SCC can have many advantages and significant effects on the engineering applications such as its importance role in reducing the project construction time period, it can be said that special attention should be operose on particul arly, in terms of selection the suitable ingredients of SCC mixture before the production (mix design of SCC).It can still be expected that, in the future, using SCC will help engineering designer (architects and structural engineers) to design concrete sections or structural elements which would be impossible to achieve with conventional concrete. Based on these facts it can be said that SCC will have a bright future.

Primary methods of maintaining organizational culture

Primary methods of maintaining establishmental cultureAn organizations culture is make up of comparatively stable characteristics. It grows over many years and is grow in intensely held value to which employees ar forcefully committed. In addition, in that respect argon number of forces are successfully operating to maintain a given culture.These include written allegations ab push through the organization mission and philosophy, the picture of physical spaces and buildings, the dominant leadershiphip style, hiring criteria, past promotion practices, entrenched rituals, hot stories about key people and events, the organizations historic coiffeance evaluation criteria, and the organizations orb structure. Signifi orduretly, the organizational culture includes values, assumptions, destinations and Industry demands. So the culture has been maintained by loadeds of Attraction-Selection-Attrition (ASA), Employee on-boarding (socialization), lead (Top management) , and organiz ational Reward strategys. It determines what types of people are hired by an organization and what types of people are left out.Attraction-Selection-Attrition (ASA) First, employees are attracted to organizations where they will become in. According to Judge statement, the employees with distinctive ad hominemity traits find different cultures attractive.1For example, out of their individual traits, employees who illustrate neurotic personalities were less in all likelihood to be attracted to imaginative cultures, whereas those who had openness to experience were to a greater extent likely to be. By ASA process, While selection, roll in the haydidates and corporations two are looking for people who will fit into their current bodied culture.2 Considering southwest air short letters and Google are the best example for that. Attrition refers to the instinctive process, where the give the gatedidates who do not fit in will go away from the company. seek indicates that person-o rganization incompatibility is one of the important reasons for employee turnover.3New Employee On-boarding On-boarding pertains to the process through which advanced employees learn the attitudes, doledge, skills, and ways required to function effectively inside an organization.4 When the organizational employees interact the new people, inviting as a part of their family, they will feel certain by their peers and confident regarding their ability to perform, and also they can share the assumptions, norms, and values that are the part of the organizations culture.This understanding and confidence is making the new employees to perform their ability and traits in a excellent way. As easily as it gives higher job fulfillment, Effective organizational commitment, and long period of fourth dimension experience within the company for them. Organizations can also engage in different activities to facilitate on-boarding, such as implementing orientation programs or unified new emp loyees with mentors. These processes are expanded by the nature of the company.5 (refer Exhibit 1-1) leadinghip Leaderships are significantly attentionful in creating and modifying the organizations culture. There is a bring aim agreement between the leaders style and an organizations culture. For example, when leaders motivate and appraise the employees in the firm by their knowledge , skills, initiatives, the corporate culture tends to bemore supportive and people-oriented. Consequently, the leaders are providing advantages, contingent on performance, over again it tends to be more performance-oriented and competitive also to them.6 Likewise, the leaders will regularise directly to the cultures of their organizations.Apart from the leaders enamor, the heading model is another shot (Charismatic). question have suggested that leader carriage, attitudes, and decision-making, the consistency between union policy, leader actions and role modeling determine the degree to wh ich the organizations culture emphasizes ethics 7. The leaders own behaviors will influence each individuals to understand what is acceptable behavior and what is unacceptable. In an organization, in which high-level leaders make the effort to see others in decision making and seek opinions of others, team diversity is more likely to evolve. By acting as role models (charismatic), leaders hurl signals to the organization about the norms and values that are expected to guide the actions of its members. Leaders also proves their success from reactions to the actions of others in the organizational culture. Through their day-to-day actions improvements, leaders shape and maintain the organizations culture Effectively.Reward Systems The Organizational respect administration offering pliability and motivation for maximum effectiveness from the employees rather than macrocosm hard and rude. Usually, the company culture is formed by the type of takings systems and paperd on the kin ds of behaviors and outcomes it chooses to reward and punish. One relevant element of the reward system is whether the organizational rewards either behaviors or outcomes. In some companies, the employees rewards system highlights intangible elements of performance also its looking like easily genial metrics. In these companies, supervisors and peers may evaluate the workers performance by seeing the persons behaviors as well as the results.In such companies, we may expect a culture that is comparatively both either people-oriented or team-oriented, so the employees can act as part of a family 8. However, in companies in which goal attainment is the sole criterion for reward, there is a focus on measuring only the results without much regard to the process. In these companies, we might wield result-oriented and competitive cultures. A company culture evolves to determine which behaviors are deserved, which ones are penalized, and which are ignored by them. A reward system is a maj or tool managers can exert when undertaking the controlling function.In order for a reward system to be effective, the rewards must continue some importance for the employees. Reward systems should focus on positive reinforcement. It is the almost effective tool for encouraging desired behavior because it stimulates people to take actions because they want to, because they get something of value (internally or externally) for doing it. An effectively designed and managed reward program can drive an organizations change process by positively reinforcing desired behaviors.According to (Thomas,1994) author presents criteria for building effective reward systems that he calls the SMART criteria. These criteria should be used when designing and evaluating programs. The programs should beSpecific. A line of sight should be maintained between rewards and actions.Meaningful. The achievements rewarded should provide an important publication on investment to both the performer and the orga nization.Achievable. The employees or groups goals should be within the reach of the performers.Reliable. The program should operate according to its principles and purpose.Timely. The recognition/rewards should be provided a great deal enough to make performers feel valued for their efforts.CREATING AN ETHICAL CULTURE respectable managerial leaders and their people take the right and good cart track when they come to the estimable choice points. An organizational culture most likely to shape high ethical standards is one thats high in adventure tolerance, low to moderate in aggressiveness, and focuses on means as well as outcomes. Although, the managers in the organization, innovate and take risk to avoid the remove competition, and will pay attention to How and What goals are achieved.9Considering the Johnson Johnson employees culture, have become to know how their strong organizational culture it is. If the culture is strong and supports high ethical standards, definitely it should have a very powerful and positive influence on employee behavior. Even though, sometimes a strong culture can make an unethical behavior because of aggressive culture between the employees. Research suggesting that, some of the practices that management can undertake, Being a visible role model, Communicating ethical expectations, providing ethical training, Visibly rewarding ethical acts and overweight unethical ones, and finally providing protective mechanism can help the employees to be more active into the organizational culture.According to Turknett research, process that can help to ensure that the organization has an ethical culture and that has the leaders who lead with character. investiture in a process that seeks to infuse an ethical culture is oddly important in the case where there is an ethical infringement. And by his collar Cs, merely developing a cultural character into the people. Code, Character and conference providing a good framework for thinkin g about infusing ethics into organization culture. By using his model called Growing Leadership Character can also use to cascade these concepts deep into the organizational ranks.Moreover, his theory expressing the triad basic character into the human. thus, providing an ethical behavior. When someone has character, usually it also mean that they are the people who work hard, get results, and are the people of all time Responsible. They also, however, ground all action in a solid base of Integrity, and they treat people with respect and Equity.10Nevertheless, Dr. Charles D. Kerns illustrates in his various research, how the values are influencing ethical behavior into the human. It could say clearly that VABEs (Values, Assumptions, behaviors, Emotions) seems to be a subset of right values that align with ethical behavior.11Values Attitudes Ethical BehaviorIn Martin Seligmans, Authentic Happiness, has reviewed these core virtuous values that influence ethical behavior and appear to have universal appeal. Wisdom and Knowledge, Self Control, Justice and pleasure ground Guidance, Transcendence, Love and Kindness and Courage and Integrity are giving personal values accordingly.However, there are some USA Based Indian companies are providing an ethical training into the employees, Significantly could illustrate as an example, sierra Atlantic (California-Based software company) Hyderabad, trains its Indian employees in various aspects of U.S culture. As a result, they won a bid with an American firm over an Indian competitor because the Sierra employees were viewed as a better cultural fit. much(prenominal) successes make it likely that companies with foreign clients will either adopt or continue to use cultural training.12Mary-Jo Kranacher is recommending some more values, to build an ethical culture into the organization, effectively. Developing ethics policies, Implementing controls, Establishing penalties and rewards, Communicating policies and procedures to others from top management to bottom, Enforcing policies consistently are included in his major suggestions.13 As a result, the purpose of an ethics policy is to support a culture of openness, trust, and integrity in a companys management and business practices.

Frigg Field Case Study

Frigg playing rural area Case StudyCUTTING AND remotion OF PLATFORM FOUNDATIONSCallum Toole 201662274Antonios Poulis 201685557Marinos Mavroulis 201667892Abraham Ejiro Ibodje 2016531571.1 NORTH oceanSince the first steel piled jacket bum (SPJF) was installed in the northwards ocean in 1967 on that point has been a positive of 556 installed and 52 cod been decommissioned after operational role. The operational water insight of the pairing Sea varies as SPJF are split into small and macroscopic categories. Of the schoolmaster 556 foundations 392 were installed in water depths of less than 55m leaving 164 foundations orbital cavitying to depths of 190m (Oil foul up UK, 2012) (Offshore-mag, 2000).With oil and gas reserves depleting in this area more and more creations are applying for cease of production (CoP) to begin the decommissioning cycle. It has been estimated that over the next 25 years there impart be 35bn spent on decommissioning practise in the northwestwar d Sea alone (Decom North Sea, 2014).1.2 CASE demand FRIGG FIELDThe Frigg subject field is situated in the North Sea with 6 differing fixed foundation structures spread over UK and Norwegian blocks 10/1 and 25/1 respectively. These fixed foundations are a mixture of SPJF and gloom Based Structures (GBS). For the remainder of this assignment the Frigg Field case study will only consider the cutting and remotion of DP2 an 8 complication SJPF which back up a boring and production program Figure 2, (Total, 2003).Key aspects of the Frigg Field DP2 to be considered areWater depth 98m (321.5ft)Production depth 1850m (6070ft)24 considerablys drilled in total for production20 original steel pile foundations (4 external at each corner leg and 4 internal at inner legs) (T Gram, 2011) at 60 diameter (Total, 2003)Jacket recovery via re-float technique after victorful installation of airiness and cutting of foundationsIn the North Sea, the selection of the ROV system is vital to its success of the cutting and remotion of the DP2 jacket foundations. This is over collect to the ever-changing dynamic oceanward environment that effect cutting, lifting and removal of subsea infrastructure.2.1 ROV UNITThe Oceaneering Millennium plus (OMP) 220hp good pretend class ROV was selected for the cutting and removal of the Frigg DP2 foundations referable to its operational capabilities. The ROVs operative class design permits for front assembled three-fold operators to be interactive with the line of bailiwick in hand. Weighing in at 4,000kg the OMPs dimensions are 3.31.71.9m (LxWxH) (Oceaneering, 2017).The depth capabilities of the ROV pass away the depth needed to fully operate in the North Sea conditions at the Frigg lay as it is rated for up to depths of 3,000m. A main consideration of the OMP is its station keeping abilities and dual hydraulic units of 110hp powering 4 vectored horizontal and 4 unsloped propulsion units. This bequeaths for 2,000lbs of t hrust to be employ in the lateral, former and reverse directions with a vertical thrust of 2,800lbs.2.2 VISIBILITY TOOL interactionAnother main consideration of the ROV selected is its ability to interact clearly with tooling and structures at the water depth. This is do possible by the dual manipulators having 5 degrees of conk start which is powered by a 24V DC and 110V AC power append on board. To successfully clear, cut and remove the 20 pile foundations the OMP is assorted enough to interact with serious duty tools to do the jobs of dredging, cutting and use its manipulators to fit buoyancy jakess within 15 mm tolerance for removal trading trading trading trading operations (Oceaneering, 2017) (Total, 2011).The OMP will be interacting with a standalone subsea dredge and an External bang-up Tool when at operational depths. But also has the ability to be fitted with various skid pans if needed. The electroshock therapy selected for the cutting operations of the p ile foundations is an gravelly water jet cutting approach due to its multi-dimensional clamp configurations that allow for various diameters form 16 72 pipe to be cut.This is made possible by 8 fully mounted 250W high inspiration LED lighting units surrounding the front facing operating area working in conjunction with visuals. The visual knocked out(p)put of the OMP comes from tv cameras which can any be standard, high or 3D high definition (HD) - 3D HD is preferred for the operations due to enhanced visuals allowing for a safer more good operation.2.3 NAVIGATIONAutomatic controls for the OMP are used via fly by equip systems that allow for station keeping regarding depth, flip, tiptop and automatic pre-programmed headings. To allow for the altitude and headings to be correct a surveying grade gyro and allayer fluxgate compass is available on board the ROV. Depth of the ROV unit is vital due to the foundations being at seabed train and to avoid collisions with the seabed and/or cuttings pilings in the area (Oceaneering, 2017).2.4 LAUNCH AND RECOVERY SYSTEM (LARS)The adaptability of the OMP with regards to diverse LARS allows it to be used with multiple possible watercrafts when on site. There are various options available for the OMP heavy weather over boarding, A-frame, cursor and heavy lift winching.To safely and successfully drive and recover the OMP an A-frame system was selected. This is due to its simplicity, lifting capabilities and cost reduction during mobilisation at a new site or location.2.5 TETHER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (TMS)During under water operations the OMP can work either free swimming or via a TMS. Free swimming operations are directly connected to the ROV transmit electrical power, mechanical payloads and optical signal by means of a tether during operations. A TMS configuration includes the use of a side founding garage or a Top-hat connection where the topside umbilical is connected and hence redistributes the power and sign als to the ROV via a tethered connection.During this operation at the Frigg Field a Top-hat TMS would be used to guide, control and position the OMP throughout its cutting and removal operations. This is due to strong advantages such as providing protection to the OMP as it is firm connected during tack together and recovery, secure positioning reduces complications at splash geographical zone interaction, the addition of the Top-hat TMS allows for a further working radius from the garage kinda than free swimming operations and allowing for greater precision on deployment to the work site.A characteristic mission for the OMP varies depending on the level of cutting and removal of foundations during decommissioning operations. Regarding the case study adopted for the Frigg Field the typical mission anticipate would be as followsEnvironmental checks would be carried out on the vessel to determine there is safe working conditions for the OMP to operateOMP and top-hat configurati on would be connected and moved to launch platform of the A-frame last checks of OMP before launchLaunching and lowering of the OMP (via A-frame) into the water through the splash zone monitor tension on the lineGrounding at operational level of 98mSubsea pressure and containment checks then release from top-hat configurationMovement towards and interaction with dredging equipment via manipulatorsDredging work carried out with standalone subsea dredge on completion the tooling would be removed review article of pile surfaces to be cut via front mounted camerasInteraction with ECT cutting equipment via manipulatorsAttachment of ECT cutting equipment to initial foundations monitoring work load from visualsInteraction with buoyancy sections being used for re-float x4 interaction, manipulation, fastening and final checksFinal checks of whole system and foundation structure before final oodles are cutAttachment of ECT cutting equipment for final cuts x4 carried outMonitoring the f loating of the jacket structure and buoyancy module interaction via visualsFinal checks of the seabed environment and coverage of unburied foundationsRecovery operations via the top-hat configuration and light to surfaceChecks, assessment and attention of the ROV reportedHaving selected the OMP for the decommissioning and removal of the DP2 SPJF there are various areas that may cause difficulties during the installation, operating and maintaining the OMP.4.1 SEA STATES WAVE AND CURRENTSIn the Frigg field, the average speed of wind between the spend months December to February is about 9.9 m/s. For this wind velocity, waves are most believably to have a maximum height of 2.5m. However, during severe winter storms which occur roughly once per decade in the area, there is a satisfying possibility of wave average heights from 12.1m and maximum height of 24m. Currents do fluctuate, reliant on the speed and direction of the winds (Total, 2003).With these environmental considerations in the North Sea it was necessary to choose an ROV with high performance thrusters to aid in station keeping whilst operating. The OMP permits this with four powerful vectored horizontal and four vertical thrusters, which allow the system to move in four directions, vertical, lateral, roll and pitch comfortably with 2,000lbs of thrust available (Oceaneering, 2017).4.2 LAUNCH AND RECOVERY OPERATIONSDuring launch and recovery operations there are expected difficulties such asLarge waves and high winds can cause the OMP and Top-hat TMS to swing wildly potentially impacting the vessel and causing damage to equipmentDifficult deployment and recovery procedures when there a reduced deck space to accommodate the operationOn drilling rigs the proximity of the OMP and Top-hat to the vessels hull and thrusters during entry and exit into the splash zone can become complicatedDeployed extension cables can be required to reach satellite sites where it was not practical or possible to install v ia the Top-hat TMS4.3 useable CUTTINGSOperational drill cuttings can be problematic with the removal of platform foundations due to its chemical makeup and mass surrounding the foundations at the sea bed. With the DP2 platform, 24 wells were drilled in total with an estimated upheaval of contained in an area of 80m x 120m at a maximum thickness of 20cm. due to the low toxicity of the drilling mud used the cuttings can be removed and treated (Total, 2003). To combat this the OMP is capable of using a complete 12 subsea dredge which can manipulate the suction nozzle aiding in the removal of drill cuttings and sediment surrounding the foundations before cutting operations (Oceaneering delirium tremens, 2013).5.1 OIL GASThe OMP can be used for different operations in the oil gas industry such as descryion, victuals and repair, installation, workover and control system (IWOCS), surveying, dredging, subsea tie-ins, flow assurance checks, assisting in the removal of subsea producti ons systems, post line servicing, cable laying operations, video servicing, acoustic positioning and sock intervention. Such operations like these can take place in the deep-water environments up to 3,000m maximum operational depths of the OMP.With respect to maintenance, repair and installation operations, the OMP has the capacity of transferring hot tap fittings, pipeline clamps, misalignment ball connectors, swivel-ring flanges, breakaway joints, riser connections and other equipment for delivery, repair and installation.Trenching burial of pipes and cables are operations that are carried out by ROVs that have 200hp and above. The OMP can be considered for these types of laying and burial operations due to its classification and strengthened in features (Oceaneering, 2017).One of the challenges facing operations in the offshore wind farm environment is observation and maintenance of fixed foundation based, cable monitoring, structural integrity checks and seabed surveys, th e OMP is well suited to address these issues due to its comprehensive build, mostly in winter and less visible conditions (submergedVision, 2017).5.2 FRIGG FIELD VERSATILITYDuring the decommissioning operation of the DP2 jacket it became aware that supererogatory preparation in cutting and removal of pile guides was needed to successfully fit and mount the buoyancy cans for removal. A solution to this was that a custom-built diamond wire tool and buoyancy solution was designed for operations to be carried out by ROV. With the OMP this could be successfully carried out due to its adaptability and tooling interaction (Proserv, 2017).5.3 OCEAN SCIENCEThe OMP can be used for scientific research under water such a sea creature and plants studies in natural environment, Arctic operations, if equipped with various sampling devices. Also, as it is equipped with 3D HD Camera (highly intensity LED) it can operate in extreme environments. Another strong versatile function is that it could b e used for underwater interactions documentaries, filmmaking, archaeology projects, e.g. Mystery Mardi Gras shipwreck (Landis, 2017).5.3 MILITARYThe Millennium Plus vehicle optional power/ data interfaces (Ethernet/optical fibre) and other features built in it can be used for naval/military operation, in the main for mine hunting and mine breaking. Neutralizing and retrieving of explosives, moored mines and also inspection tasks like meteorology, perception of environmental hazard, port security, mine countermeasure and maritime intelligence.5.4 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTUREThe over exploitation of the North Sea remains a highly-discussed topic to date to combat this there has been a growing market for offshore fish farms. A typical mission would involve the OMP to either help install or inspect and monitor fish inside, inspect netting/cages that have been used for containment. The manipulator operability would allow for heavy cages to be moved into place and fastened securely whil st clearly visual (R. D. Christ, 2014),The OMP can perform a widespread ladder of activities however there is still the possibility for make betterments that may be considered for upcoming development and improved efficiency.6.1 VISUALCurrently the OMP can be fitted with either Standard Definition (SD), High Definition (HD) or a 3D HD camera. For improved visibility during decommissioning operations and dredging procedures where the water conditions could be blurred due to sediment, an upgrade to a 4K Ultra HD camera would be beneficial. The light predisposition and quality of video produced would offer the OMP user a confidence horizontal when the seabed conditions are not clear to operate. The upgraded camera can be fitted with some more technical specifications such as noise reduction, a wider area of view and higher contrast. With these camera upgrades, the user will have less misrepresentations and even better situation and spatial awareness.6.2 POWER create THRUST CAPAB ILITIESImproving the hydraulic power units on board to 2 x 125hp would allow for an increase in 300lbs of thrust in the vertical, lateral, prior and reverse directions this would allow for the OMP to improve its station keeping abilities, be speedy during launch and recovery, manoeuvre heavier standalone tools and extra up thrust would allow the OMP to return to the surface with heavier loads more efficiently.6.3 MANIPULATORSIncreasing the manipulators range of motion would allow for more detailed technical operations to be carried out and improve the pilot/ROV interaction. This could be made possible by improving the dual manipulators to have 7 degrees of function and mounting a wrist camera assembly to improve visibility (Oceaneering, 2017). A manipulator that could be considered could be the TITAN 4 with its 7 degrees of motion, titanium material characteristics to reduce burthen and titanium wrist mounted camera to increase visibility (FMC Technologies, 2017).Decom North Sea, 2014. Decommissioning in the North Sea Review of Decommissioning Capacity, s.l. Decom North Sea.FMC Technologies, 2017. http//www.f-e-t.com. Online on hand(predicate) at http//www.f-e-t.com/images/uploads/Schilling_Titan_4_with_Spares_Kit.pdfAccessed 4 butt against 2017.Landis, N., 2017. Naultilus Productions. Online unattached at http//nautilusproductions.com/projects/mystery-mardi-gras-shipwreck-documentaryAccessed 4 March 2017.Oceaneering DTS, 2013. DTS Tooling. Online Available at http//www.oceaneering.com/oceandocuments/brochures/subseaproducts/Oceaneering-DTS-Catalog-2013.pdfAccessed 4 March 2017.Oceaneering, 2017. http//www.oceaneering.com. Online Available at http//www.oceaneering.com/oceandocuments/brochures/rov/ROV%20-%20Nexxus.pdfAccessed 4 March 2017.Oceaneering, 2017. Millennium Plus 220hp heavy work class ROV. Online Available at http//www.oceaneering.com/oceandocuments/brochures/rov/ROV%20-%20Millennium%20Plus.pdf Accessed 4 March 2017.offshore Energy Today, 201 2. http//www.offshoreenergytoday.com. Online Available at http//www.offshoreenergytoday.com/tag/ocean-installer/page/2/Accessed 10 March 2017.Offshore-mag, 2000. Offshore-mag.com. Online Available at http//www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-60/issue-8/news/two-part-kvitebjoslashrn-jacket-will-break-north-sea-water-depth-record.htmlAccessed 19 Feb 2017.Oil turgidity UK, 2012. Oil Gas UK The Decommissioning of Steel Piled Jackets In the North Sea Region, s.l. Oil Gas UK.Proserv, 2017. http//www.proserv.com. Online Available at http//www.proserv.com/media/case-studies/decommissioning/frigg-field/Accessed 4 March 2017.R. D. Christ, R. L. W., 2014. The ROV Manual A User hap for Remotely Operated Vehicles. 2nd ed. Waltham Elsevier.stevo6187, 2017. imagala.com. Online Available at http//www.imagala.com/post/1X5SEdD4ZDAccessed 4 March 2017.T Gram, R. K. J. K. M. J. E. K. C. H. A. S., 2011. Decommissioning of Frigg and MCP01 A Contractor View. Offshore Technology Conference, Volume 21708.Total, 2003. Frigg Field Cessation Plan, Stravanger Total.Total, 2011. Frigg Field Cessation Plan Close Out Report, s.l. Total.UnderwaterVision, 2017. Underwater Vision. Online Available at http//www.underwatervision.co.uk/services/wind-farms-and-offshore/Accessed 4 March 2017.

Epicurus and Marxs View on Meaningful life Essay -- alienation theory

In Marxs hypothesis of alienation it highlights on his analysis of alienated labor carried out by political economy, and sees builder as a misery tool for commodity production .This paper will examine the contrasting perspective precondition by Marx and Epicurus for a good and meaningful carriage, and will suggest that Marxs view is more persuasive than Epicurus, in particular because Marxs ideal relates to our contemporary social phenomena which atomic number 18 much more alike in what we are experiencing today. Indeed, this paper will emphasize two arguments which distinctly are different between Marx and Epicurus view on life. First, Marxs sees the point of life has tied into some kinds of activity like work and materialistic consideration, where Epicurus focuses on ones experience such as pleasure, contemplation and friendship. Secondly, Marx does not consider wisdom is important, where Epicurus thinks wisdom is a key to achieve comfort in life.Marxs view of alienation is a response to political economy and capitalism, and which has developed an important relation among military personnel, production, and reality with human nature. He sees workers choose work to maintain life work is not a voluntary thing. People create products that do not belong to them, and they work to satisfy the others need (eg. factory owners), not their own, and were considered to be forced labor. Therefore, in a sense work becomes a way people disconnect from their human nature. (p. 51,52) The act of production in a way alienates workers from their activities. Workers are alienated from the object they were produced, the more productiveness a worker achieves the more he or she loses the nature of human beings. Since the product is not the creation of their own, workers bec... ...intain our basic living standards. I smell like we live the alienated social structure like Marx describes. Employer stipendiary employees with rate in hours, working schedules we have deadlines, and work objectives. Yet, we still give most of our time at work and produce products or deliver services which are not belonging to us. Works CitedEpicurus (1), Letter to Menoeceus in Jackman (ed), Phil 1100 The meaning of Life, Course Kit, York University 2013, pp. 25-26.Epicurus (2), Principle Doctrines in Jackman (ed), Phil 1100 The meaning of Life, Course Kit, York University 2013, pp. 27-29.Jackman, H. 2013 (1). Karl Marx, actors line Notes, York University, 2013.Jackman. H. 2013 (2). Epicurus. Lecture Notes. York Univeristy. 2013Marx, Alienated Labor. (1844). In Jackman (ed), Phil 1100 The meaning of Life, Course Kit, York University 2013, pp. 51-54