Medical Conditions Of Concentration Camps :: essays research papers

Medical Conditions of Concentration CampsThe medical conditions in concentration camps were very horrable. many another(prenominal)things happened to the prisoners at this camp and most of the worst thingshappened because of the medical treatments.Throughout all the camps medical experiments were performed on the prisoners.They were not only performed on the jewish but on all different kinds of peoplethat were at the camps. The experiments were for the most part either harsh ordeadly. close to of the experiments were as follows. People were submersed in water icecold water for hours on end to test out new kinds of suits. Others weredeprived of oxygen, sterilized, had patches of there skin burned, or immediatlykilled by an injection to the heart for dissection. Some people were also sentaway to anatomy hospitals.One of the most desired places to be by doctors was Block 10. Block 10 was inAuschwitz and was a medical block. It meant the difference between life anddeath for many peop le in Auschwitz. There were benefits and disadvantages tobeing there for both the doctors and the prisoners. For a doctor it was seen asa chance to do any and all experiments they thought might be interesting. Forprisoners it was a chance to live, if they were lucky. Some prisoners weretaken by doctors for experiments and depending on the reputation of the experimentthey might live for a long time or be killed imediatly.Doctors picked which people should be killed through a selection process. A individual could be killed for having as little as a tiny scar, or because ofadefect, or anything at all. The doctors of Block 10 are most remembered. Thetwo that endorse out most are Josef Mengele and Ernst B. Josef Mengele as one ofthe cruelest doctors who killed many, many people. He was said to be seen atselections night and day. And in some cases even pickings children to the gaschambers by playing a game with them.

Comparing Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry David Thoreau :: Compare Contrast Comparison

By acting civil but disobedient you ar able to protest things you dontthink are fair, non-violently. Henry David Thoreau is one of the most importantliterary figures of the nineteenth century. Thoreau?s essay Civil Disobedience,which was written as a speech, has been used by human beingy great thinkers such asMartin Luther tycoon Jr. and Mahatma Ghandi as a map to fight against mischief.Dr. Martin Luther nance Jr. was a pastor that headed the Civil Rights movement.He was a gifted speaker and a powerful writer whose philosophy was non-violentbut direct action. Dr. tabby?s strategy was to have sit-ins, boycotts, and marches.Dr. Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail was based on the principles ofThoreaus Civil Disobedience. Both Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry DavidThoreau are exceptional persuasive writers. Even though both writers are writingon slipway to be civil but disobedient, they have opposite ways of convicing you. Dr.King is religious, gentle and apolo vexic, focusing on wh ats good for the groupwhile Thoreau is very aggressive and assertive for his own personal hate againstthe government. Both Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry David Thoreau have the sameideas, but view them differently. Dr. King wants to ultimately raise awareness andopen doors for the better of a group. Thoreau wants more soulfulness rights forpeople. Dr. King is explaining his view of conscienceI submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and willingly accepts the penalty by staying in jail to get up theconscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing thevery highest respect for the law (Martin Luther King, p. 521).This quote shows Dr. King?s opinion on going to jail. King knows that he wasunjustly put into jail. He accepts going to jail even though he was put in jailwrongly. The community then knows of the injustice and should pressure thegovernment. The other thing that happens is King is respecting the law by obeyingit . He is a peaceful man and wants justice, but believes in following the rulespeacefully to get the job done. Thoreau feels that conscience plays a morepersonal role.Can there not be a government in which majorities do not some decideright and wrong, but conscience?... Must the citizen ever for a moment, orin the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? Why has everyman a conscience, then. I think that we should be men first, and subjectafterward (Henry David Thoreau, p.581). Thoreau is questioning why majorities make the rules.

Can We Hold Macbeth Fully Responsible For The Evil Deeds In The Play? :: essays research papers

In the play there are many evil deeds that Macbeth committed. These entangle the murders of Duncan and Banquo, Lady Macduff and her son. Macbeth is also responsible for Scotlands disorder. Macbeth plays the main role in each incident, with the other characters existence only minor and undeveloped acting as vehicles for Macbeths actions. It is assertable that it is not entirely Macbeths fault for the evil deeds in the play.In Act II, Scene II Macbeth is patented as a hero, when he frustrated Norway in war for his country.O valiant cousin, worthy gentlemanInitially, the Elizabethan audience consider Macbeth as a respectable and well like character. We do however need that appearances can be deceptive which corresponds with the main theme Fair is foul, Foul is fair which is referred to a lot throughout the play. This theme is first introduced in Act I, Scene I where the witches foretell the struggle between the forces of evil and good in which Macbeth is to be involved. It is also an indication that all will not be as it seems. This portrays a character as being much worse if the audiences first impressions of that character were positive.Macbeths meeting with the witches brings a prediction which symbolises the beginning of Macbeths downfall.FIRST WITCH All appeal Macbeth, hail to thee Thane of GlamisSECOND WITCH All hail Macbeth, hail to thee Thane of Cawdor.THIRD WITCH All hail Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter.Macbeth is startled when he hears this prophecy. He believes that his title is still Thane of Glamis yet here he has just been told that he shall be King. He does not know Macdonwald who has been sentenced to death for betraying his country. The witches plant the idea of being King into Macbeths mind, which has encourages Macbeth to consider his future.In his soliloquy, the audience learn about Macbeths initial plan to murder Duncan so that he shall have power and position earlier, therefore destroying the natural order.My thought, whose murt her is yet but fantastical.Macbeth sent a letter to Lady Macbeth outlining the witches prophecy. He also consults her concerning his plans. This is how Macbeth reduces some of the responsibility of the incident of the murder by accept her guidance and advice.It becomes apparent that Macbeth is somewhat of a moral coward. This could be seen as a positive attribute as it shows the weaknesses of Macbeth, and asks could Macbeth be fully responsible if he is not totally independent?

Social Norms of State University Students Concerning Alcohol Use Essay

Social Norms of State University Students Concerning Alcohol Use Alcohol use on college campuses has been a piquant issue for students and faculty for many years. Yet, there is still no concrete evidence as to the effects of alcohol use on college students. The perceived website is college students binge drink and their grades are adversely affected. Is this a social norm? The question is whether these perceived social norms towards alcohol use on college campuses are in fact the social norms of college students. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the true social norms of State University students attitude and practice in regards to alcohol. The ensample is significant to Bradley University, using only Bradley students. The study will benefit the Wellness Center in its current social norms campaign. The studys goal is to remedy understand the attitudes and practices of Bradley students toward alcohol consumption.METHOD SECTION Before we decided what methods we were going to use to collect the learning, a mock revolve around group was held. The mock focus group consisted of Bradley students ranging in ages from 18 through 22, and was a mixture of on-campus and off-campus students. The purpose of the mock-focus group was to decide what types of questions should be chosen to get the most useful information for the social norms campaign. The mock focus group led the study in the direction of asking students not only their personal alcohol uses, but excessively how other students drinking affects their lives. We were looking for quantitative data therefore, the idea of a focus group was immediately rejected. Constraints of money, time and manpower prevented the use of any fortune sample. Many sampling... .... The questions were not in depth, but did give direction for further study. A larger and more age-diversified study may help correct contingent errors in this survey. The fact that ninety percent of students in the study r esided on-campus may also have effected the campaign and should be checked for errors. The study was contain to answers provided, in majority, by those students who can not legally drink, which is a factor that could limit the study. The two areas presented above as areas of significance could benefit from further study, as more in-depth research could provide more accurate results. The results of the study indicate the perceived social norms of college students may not be true. College students are perceived as heavy drinkers, yet the results seem to indicate a majority of students consume only a few drinks per week. More in depth study is suggested.

Embryonic Stem Cells: The Future of Medicine Essay example -- Embryon

Whereas there ar many facets of checkup research in the world at the present time, one of the much controversial continues to be base cell research and more specifically, embryonic stem cell research. The percentage of groups and individuals who agree or disagree with this science are roughly equal on both sides of the argument. There are many quarrels within this one area including should stem cell research be federally funded, is embryonic stem cell research ethical, and is the outcome of stem cell research worth it? While there is no right or wrong answer to these questions, since the answer would vary depending on whom you ask, the argument regarding this topic remains quite passionate and heated. Embryonic stem cell research is the medical study of cells taken from embryos before they are able to implant into a uterus. This procedure harvesting the cells ultimately destroys the embryo rendering it non-viable and unable to sustain life. adult stem cell research i s simply the study of stem cells harvested from adults and used in many areas of medicine. Numerous groups are opposed this sort of research because they find out it infringes on the right to life, while others do not believe that an embryo that has spent five days in a petri dish should be considered a human. In the 1800s the first discovery of stem cells occurred. This discovery proved that some cells could spawn other cells. However, it was not until the early 1900s that research demo stem cells could generate blood cells. This was very promising in the medical community at that time since so many diseases ran rampant and were incurable. During the infancy of stem cell research, both animal and human stem cells were used. Now, for medic... ...h Embryonic ascendent Cell Research?. Pregnantpause.org. 26 Jul 2001. Web. 28 Nov 2011.Moisse, Katie. Stem Cells New Hope for watch Failure Patients. Abcnews.com. 14 Nov 2011. Web. 15 Nov 2011.Park, Alice. Stem Cell Miracle? New Therapi es May Cure Chronic Conditions like Alzheimers. Time Magazine. 25 Jun 2011. Web. 10 Nov 2011. Snow, Nancy. Stem Cell Research New Frontiers in Sciences and Ethics. Houston Community College Library. 2004. Print. 10 Nov 2011.Stem Cell Basics What are the potential uses of human stem cells and the obstacles that must(prenominal) be overcome before these potential uses will be realized?. In Stem Cell Information. Web. Bethesda, MD National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and tender Services, 2009. 22 Nov 2011.Tasker, Fred. New Stem Cell Study Promises to Heal the Heart. Dallas Morning News. 22 Mar 2011. Web. 10 Nov 11.

The A Bomb :: essays research papers

The Atomic BombThe first atomic bomb was tested on July 16,1945 at Alamogordo, New Mexico and was developed, constructed and tested by the Manhattan Project. The new device represented a completely new type of explosion. All explosives before this time got their power for the rapid burning of a chemic compound like gunpowder. These bombs could only do a limited amount of damage.This new group of nuclear explosives involved getting energy sources from within the gist of the atom. The Atomic bomb gained its power from the fission of all of the atomic nuclei in several kilos of uranium. A Ball about the size of a baseball make an explosion equal to about 20,000 tons of TNT. An atomic bomb can also be called a fission bomb because it uses fission to release the nuclear power from the fuel. The fuel is usually either Uranium-235 or plutomium-239. Uranium-235 has an extra property that makes it useful for both nuclear power production and for nuclear bombs - it is one of the a few(pren ominal) materials that can undergo induced fission. If a neutron runs into a Uranium nucleus, the nucleus will absorb the neutron, become unstable and split immediately. As soon as the nucleus captures the neutron, it splits into two lighter atoms and throws off 2 or 3 new neutrons. These neutrons then hit other uranium atoms and a chain reception is started. An incredible amount of energy is released, in the form of heat and gamma radiation.In order for these properties of U-235 to work, a sample of uranium must be enriched. industrial-strength uranium is composed of 90% or more U-235. In a fission bomb, the fuel must be kept in small and fork raftes. These must be small enough to not support fission otherwise the bomb could explode before it is meant to. These masses are called subcritical masses. Critical mass is the minimum amount of fissionable material needed to keep a nuclear fission reaction going. Because the masses are separate there had to be ways to bring them togethe r to detonate the bomb. There are two ways to detonate an atomic bomb. The first is the gun-triggered device and the second is the implosion device. In both of these types, neutrons had to be introduced to start the fission. This was done by making a little neutron generator out of a small pellet of polonium and beryllium, separated by foil.

The A Bomb :: essays research papers

The Atomic BombThe first atomic bomb was tested on July 16,1945 at Alamogordo, New Mexico and was developed, constructed and tested by the Manhattan Project. The new device represented a completely new type of explosion. All explosives before this time got their berth for the rapid burning of a chemical compound like gunpowder. These bombs could whole do a limited amount of damage.This new group of nuclear explosives involved getting vigour sources from within the nucleus of the atom. The Atomic bomb gained its power from the fission of all of the atomic nuclei in several kilos of uranium. A Ball closely the size of a baseball made an explosion equal to about 20,000 tons of TNT. An atomic bomb can also be called a fission bomb because it uses fission to release the nuclear power from the fuel. The fuel is usually either Uranium-235 or plutomium-239. Uranium-235 has an extra property that makes it useful for both nuclear power production and for nuclear bombs - it is one of the few materials that can undergo induce fission. If a neutron runs into a Uranium nucleus, the nucleus will absorb the neutron, become unstable and split immediately. As soon as the nucleus captures the neutron, it splits into two luminousness atoms and throws off 2 or 3 new neutrons. These neutrons then hit other uranium atoms and a chain reaction is started. An incredible amount of energy is released, in the form of heat and gamma radiation.In order for these properties of U-235 to work, a sample of uranium must be enriched. Weapons-grade uranium is composed of 90% or more U-235. In a fission bomb, the fuel must be kept in itsy-bitsy and separate masses. These must be small enough to not support fission otherwise the bomb could explode before it is meant to. These masses are called subcritical masses. Critical mass is the minimum amount of fissionable material needed to keep a nuclear fission reaction going. Because the masses are separate there had to be ways to bring them toge ther to detonate the bomb. There are two ways to detonate an atomic bomb. The first is the gun-triggered device and the second is the implosion device. In both of these types, neutrons had to be introduced to start the fission. This was make by making a little neutron generator out of a small pellet of polonium and beryllium, separated by foil.

How Does the Early Mobile Phone Compare to those of the 21st Century? Essay

Nowadays, the usage of peregrine phones is one of the most common practices that everyone indulges in and this is regardless of the age group or ethnic background to which the person belongs to (Cooper, 2003, n. p. ). Undeniably, mobile phones or cellular phones are tools in our modern world that has changed the way by which humans accomplish their day-to-day tasks. Moreover, encourage affirmation of the importance of mobile phones in our lives today is evident in the wide variability of the mobile phones that can be found in the mart (Cooper, 2003, n.p. ). However, prior to the development of these modern type of mobile phones, these man-made gadgets have undergone rigorous and numerous alterations over the past years (Cooper, 2003, n. p. ). In connection to this, the mark of this essay is to discuss the changes that these products have experienced over the past few decades by utilizing a compare-and-contrast strategy to illustrate the difference between early mobile phones and the wireless phones of the 21st century.The era of mobile phones has started with the introduction of radiotelephones for military purposes which are found in ships, aircraft and military vehicles during the 1940s (Connected Earth, 2010, n. p. ). This was actually the time when telephones were used to drop information from one military camp to another in order to hasten the military operations (Connected Earth, 2010, n. p. ).Potential usage of telephones for commercial uses were introduced in 1947 when a taxi company in Cambridge has availed themselves mobile services in order to improve their service to the passengers and improve the profit input for their companies (Connected Earth, 2010, n. p. ). From then on, the mobile industriousness has continued to develop in order to become one of the most dynamic industries this world has ever known (Connected Earth, 2010, n. p. ).One of the greatest parameters of the advancements that this industry has encountered is seen on the features of the early mobile phones. It was said that a concept of a mobile phone in the early parts of the 1980s meant that a person was carrying a very big suitcase with a lot of electronic devices and wires inside it and is as well as characterized by the presence of about three-foot steel antenna that was drilled through and through the suitcase (as cited by Gow & Smith, 2006, pg. 22).By analysis, it can be said that the early mobile phones provide a perception of a non-easy-to-carry devices and this evident in the features and characteristics of the first-class honours degree and second generation cell phones (Memebridge, 2010, n. p. ). First generation cell phones was re modeled by the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, considered to be the first portable mobile phone, which had the following characteristics 28 ounces in weight, dimensions of 13 x 1. 75 x 3. 5, and physical features resembling a brick (Memebridge, 2010, n. p. ).Second generation cell phones, on the other hand, was highlighted by the replacement of analog governance frequencies, about 100 to 200 grams, handheld and portable, and were significantly smaller than the first generation mobile phones (Memebridge, 2010, n. p. ). Third generation mobile phones are the type of the present cell phones that we have today (Memebridge, 2010, n. p. ). These mobile phones are characterized by the presence of all of the basic features that were developed from the first and second generation cell phones asset the addition of a number of practical features (Siegel, 2010, n. p. ).Mobile phones of the 21st century do not only serve communication purposes but are also being used to connect to the internet, chat with friends, take pictures and videos, watch your favorite television program, and even use it as a replacement of a calculating machine (Siegel, 2010, n. p. ). These additional features of the modern cell phones have actually revolutionize the lifestyle of man. In addition to these purposes, modern cell phones can be used to dispense with the lives of people who are endanger and this is seen on the events when a person who has encountered an accident uses his or her cell phone to dial emergency services (Siegel, 2010, n.p. ). Consequently, it can be said that cell phones have indeed progressed from being brick-like, heavy, and inconvenient tools to light weight, hand held and multipurpose equipments for communication. In general, it can be said that the greatest relation of early mobile phones to cell phones of the 21st century lies in the dimensions of the cell phone, physical features, ease of communication rate, and general usability to the person. List of References Connected Earth. (2010). The origins of mobile. Retrieved 06 May 2010, from http//www.connected- earth. com/galleries/frombuttonstobytes/mobilecommunications/theoriginsofmobile/ Cooper, M. (2003). annals of cell phone. Retrieved 06 May 2010, from http//inventors. about. com/cs/inventorsalphabet/a/martin_cooper. htm Gow, G. A. & Smith, R. K. (2006). Mobile and Wireless Communication An Introduction. USA Mc-Graw Hill Ed. Siegel, A. (2010). Modern cell phones are more than just talk. Ezine articles. Memebridge. (2010). memorial of cell phones. Retrieved 06 May 2010, from http//www. historyofcellphones. net/

ShineNatashia Unit

It is my work to work with the investigating detectives and the police department to arm a sold case against Tim Masters. The burden Of proof rest souls on my shoulders, I must prove without a reasonable doubt that Tim Masters killed Peggy Whittier. My job is the hardest job of all the court actors. I have several rules of conduct I must follow to ensure that my case in lawful and does non violate any person rights. In the case of Tim Masters, used evidence found in his home to win he case against him.As the prosecuting attorney, I first had to look at the evidence presented by me from the police department and determine if this was enough evidence to try Tim Masters for murder. Make the ultimate decision rather or not to take Tim Masters to court, give him a plea bargain, or send him somewhere for treatment, decided to take him to court. Defense Counsel As the defence reaction attorney, represented Tim Masters, and defended him. It is my job to defend my client and make sure th ey dont get punished for a crime they did not commit.Due to the Sixth and Fourteen amendments, every defendant regardless of their ability to pay will have the right to a defense lawyer in most court cases. My client Tim Masters was accuse of murdering Peggy Hatcheck, in a field close to his house, have to prove this was not true. All the evidence they has against my client was circumstantial, the prosecution used inadmissible evidence in court to convict Tim Masters. The great news is years later after two denied appeals, my client Tim Masters was exonerated of all charged and set free.

Humans Adapted

What are some specific ways that we humans hand adapted to the physical environment in which we fuck in? Such as plate tectonics, weathering and erosion, and the form of precipitation. How do/can we adapt to nature and its disaster?Plate tectonics causes temblors, which are one of the things that we have to adapt to. Earthquakes are powerful and each time it strikes it separated the land. So over time we as humans have created strategies. To keep us risk-free and how to remain calm as the earthquakes are coming our way. One thing we do is that we now have a machine called the seismography, that lets us know how heavy the earthquake is, when its coming and where its going to nock. We have also learned how to make our homes stronger and durable, so that it will not be easy for the earthquake to take it down California is one of those examples.Rain, sleet, hail, and snow are all examples of precipitation. Rain creates downpours, it can be very dangerous depending on how much ra infall we falls down. We have learned how to adapt to the floods. Such as creating drain pipes so the water can go in the sewer so that the flood want create big damages but the drain pipes dont eer work. Sleet is like watery snow and if enough hit the ground and its cold outside then it can turn hard and make the grounds slippery.So we have learned that salt can unthaw the roads and make it safe to drive on. Hail is small, sometimes big, balls of hard ice falling out of the sky. It can be dangerous and maybe raze deadly if the hail is big and it hits you in the right place. We have learn just to not go out when the hail is hard, and to make sure that you are in a builder or house that can protect you if you are out and not protected.As life goes on we will always find more ways to keep our family and ourselves safe from natures disasters. Creating more machines and even more knowledge for years to come.

Neural & Synaptic Transmission

The nervous system is made up of neurons and glila cells. Neurons are the basic communication connect in the nervous system. Glila cell provide support for neurons and contribute to communication. Neurons normally transmit a neuronic impulse (an electric current) on an axon to a synapse with another neuron. The neural impulse is a brief change in neurons electrical charge that moves along an axon. It is an all-or-none event. Action potential triggers the unloose of chemicals called neurotransmitters that diffuse across the synapse to communicate with other neurons. Transmitters bind with receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane, causing excitatory or inhibitory PSPs.Most neurons are linked in neural pathway, circuits, and networks. In the nervous system, the neural impulse functions as a signal. For that signal to have any meaning for the system as a whole, it must be transmitted from the neuron to other cell. As noted above, this transmission takes place at special junction called Synapses, which depend on chemical messengers. To explain in another way neural impulses are electro chemical events. When Neurons stimulated beyond threshold level, there is a rapid shift in its polarity from proscribe to compulsory charge. This reversal of charge, called an action potential or neural impulse, is generated along the length of the axon to the terminal buttons.When neural impulse reaches the terminal button, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers that carry the message across the synapse to neighboring neurons. Neurotransmitters can have either excitatory or inhibitory effect to the neurons at which they dock. Example The educational and childcare reformers who have used brain science as the base for their campaigns have primarily cited to key findings the discovery of critical compass point in neural exploitation and the demonstration that rats raised in enriched environments have more synapses than rates raised in impoveri shed environments. A critical period is a limited date span in the cultivation of an organism when it is optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the organism is especially responsive to certain experiences.Classical conditioning Classical conditioning explains how soggy stimulus can acquire the capacity to elicit a reception originally evoked by another stimulus. This kind of conditioning was originally set forth by Ivan Pavlov. Many kind of everyday responses are regulated through classical conditioning, including phobias, fears, and pleasant emotional responses. Even psychological responses such as insubordinate and wakenual functioning and drug tolerance can be influenced by classical conditioning. A conditioned response whitethorn be weakened and get rid of entirely when the CS is no longer paired with the US. In some case, spontaneous recovery occurs, and an extinguished response reappears after a period of non-exposure to CS.Conditioning may generalized to ad ditional stimuli that are similar to the original CS. The opposite of generalization is discrimination, which involve not responding to stimuli that resemble the original CS. Higher order conditioning occurs when a CS function as if it were US, to establish new conditioning. Example The art of manipulating peoples association has been perfected by the advertising industry. Advertisers consistently determination to pair the product they are pendling with stimuli that seem likely to elicit positive emotional response. Like advertisers, candidates running for election need to influence the attitude of galore(postnominal) people quickly, subtly, and effectively- and they depend on evaluation conditioning to help them do so. For example , politician show-up at an endless variety of pleasant public events( such as opening of a new mall) that often have nothing to do with their public service.Stress Stress is common every day event, even plain minor stressors or hassles can be problemati c. To a large degree, stress lies in the eye of the beholder, as appraisals of stress are highly subjective. Major eccentric person of stress includes frustration, conflict, change, and storm. Frustration occurs when an obstacle prevent one from attaining some goal. The three principal type of conflict are approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance. A large number of studies with the SRRS advise that change is stressful. Although this may be true, it is now clear that the SRRS is a measure of general stress rather than just change related stress.Two kind of pressure ( to perform and conform) also appears to be stressful. wound up reaction to stress typically include anger,fear, and sadness, although positive emotions may also occur may promote resilience. Emotional arousal may interfere with coping. The optimal level of arousal on a task depends on the complexity of the task. The psychological arousal in response to stress was originally called the fight-or-f light response by Cannon. The fight-or-flight response may be less applicable to women than men. Selyes general adaptation syndrome describes three constitutes in physiologic reaction to stress alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.There are two major pathways along which the brain send signal to the endocrine system in response to stress. Action along these pathrelesea two set of hoemonse, catecholamines and corticosteroids, into the bloodstream. Stress may support the process of neurogenesis. Some coping responses are less than optimal. They include giving up, blaming oneself, and striking out at others with act of aggression. Indulging oneself is another coping pattern that tends to be of limited economic value. Defense mechanism protect against emotional distress through self-deception. Small positive illusion about oneself may sometimes be adaptive.Piaget According to Piagets surmise of cognitive development, the key advance during sensorimotor period is the childs gradual recogn ition of the permanence of objects. The preoperational period is marked by certain deficiencies in thinking- notably, centration, irreversibility, and ego centrism. Jean Piaget (1929, 1952, 1983) was an interdisciplinary scholar whose own cognitive development was exceptionally rapid. In his early 20s, after he had earned a doctorate in natural science and published a novel, piaget turned his focal point on psychology.He soon found himself administering intelligent test to children to develop better test norms. In doing this testing, piaget became intrigued the reasoning underlying the childrens wrong answers. He clear-cut that measuring children intelligent was less interesting than studying how children use their intelligence. He spent the rest of his life studying cognitive development. Many of his ideas were based on insights gleaned from carful observation of his own three children during their infancy.Like Eriksons theory, Piaget model is a peg theory of development. Piaget proposed that the youngsters progress through four major stages of cognitive development, which are characterized byfundamentally different thought process (1) Sensorimotor period (birth to age 2), (2) the preoperational period (age 2 to 7), (3) the concret operational period (age 7 to 10), and (4) the formal operational period (age 11 onwards). Example fathers are essential for healthy development. Over the last 40 twelvemonths proportion of children growing up without a father in home has more than doubled. During the same time, we have seen dramatic increase in teenager pregnancy, juvenile delinquency, violent crime, drug abuse, eating disorder, teen suicide and family dysfunction.Erikson Erikson theory of disposition development propose that individual evolve through eight stages over the life span. In each stage the person wresles with changes (crises) in accessible relationship. According to Erikson Personality is shaped by how individual deal with these psychological crise s. Each crisis involves a struggle between two opposing tendencies, such as trust versus mistrust or initiative vesus guilt, both of which are experienced by the person. Erikson describes the stages interms of these antagonistic tendencies, which represent personality treatesthat people display in variable degrees over the reminder of theier lives. Although the names for Eriksons stage suggest either-or-outcomes, he viewed each stage as a tug of war that determind the subsequent equilibrium between opposing polarities in personalties.The eight stages In Erikson theory are stage 1- Trust versus mistrust ( is my word predictable and supportive?, first year of life), stage 2-Authonomy versus sham and doubt (Can I do thing myself or must I always rely on others?, second and third years), stage 3-Initiative versus guilt (Am I good or am I bad?, fourth through six years), stage 4- Industry versus inferiority ( Am I competent or am worthless? Age six through puberity), stage 5-Identity v ersus confusion (Who am I and where am I going?, adolscent), stage 6- Intimacy versus isolation (Shall I share my life with another or live alone?, early adulthood), stage 7-Generativity versus selfe-absorbtion (will I produce something of real value?, middle adulhood), stage 8-integrity versus despair (have I lived a full life?, late adulthood)Psychoanalytic (Freud/Jung) Freuds psychoanalytic theory emphasis the importance of the unconscious. Freud described personality structure in terms of three components- the id, ego-and superego- which are routinely involved in ongoing series of internal conflict. Freud theorized that conflict centering on sex and aggression are specially likely to lead to anxiety. According to Freud, anxiety and other unpleasant emotions such as guilt are often warded absent with defense mechanisms. Freud described a series of five stages of development Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.Certain experiences during these stages can have lasting effect on adult personality. Jungs most advanced(a) and controversial concept was the collective unconscious. Adlers individual psychology emphasis how people strive for superiority to compensate for their feeling of inferiority. Overall, Psychodynamic theories have produced many terms breaking insights about the unconscious, the role of internal conflict and the importance of early childhood experiences in personality development. However, psychodynamic theories have been criticized for their poor testability, inadequate base of experiential evidence, and their male centered view.

Compare and Contrast the Depiction of War and Soldiers in Birdsong and Strange Meeting Essay

In the first half of the twentieth century bloodshed was dominant as war on a world-wide scale occurred on two occasions. These were not only effective on people that witnessed the catastrophe but as well as for propaganda and literature that would occur years later. devil of the most dominant authors depicting soldiers and war were Englishmen Sebastian Faulks and Susan Hill.They expressed their opinions on such matters with literature such as Birdsong and Strange Meeting respectively. In affinity both texts were wrote within the last forty years categorising them both as modernistic texts. Along with the information that both authors were neither there or slightly at the time, this would indicate that their novels atomic number 18 both adaptations of stories they founder heard and open to artistic licence resulting in both being complete works of fiction. end-to-end both removes of the texts many comparisons and contrasts can be brought up involving the way war is opinionate d for the soldiers. The first contrast that can be made is the indication that the tertiary person illustrates about the trenches but through two discordent styles of writing. Birdsong creates the feeling of negativity relating to the trenches through a strong use of imagery involving death. phraseology such as wailing, primitive fear and rigid body along with the use as short and punctual sentences creates a representation of a constantly changing and dangerous environment perhaps portraying the speed of the soldiers heartbeats involved, enabling the lecturer to understand the rush and panic the soldiers are feeling and representing the standoff of the trenches from the soldiers point of view. This is in stark contrast to Strange Meeting which describes the trenches with descriptive language and in a positive light, a full moon shone in a higher place the ridge.The frost was thin and here and there it caught in the pale light on the barbed wire, tin canisters, helmets, and gle amed. This different interpretation of the trenches offers a complete utility(a) opinion of trench life as throughout the extract words such as frost, jokes and Quiet portray a very silent and peaceful place, somewhere not to be afraid of. This is a complete dissimilarity to the interpretation of Birdsong. A calm and positive situation is also highlighted in the attitude of the soldiers and the consanguinity they have with for each one other throughout the extract of Strange Meeting.Within the extract, the author highlights the relationships that Barton, an officer, has with Parkin, a soldier, as uneasy but calm. A constant awkwardness is represented with the way that the two characters converse with each other. Sir? / Hello, Parkin. All right? have you, sir? / No, have you? / No. could be used to represent the constant problem that an officer has with relating to Parkin, a constant problem with class and a constant inability to communicate for any continuance of time.T he use of short and sharp responses from both sides represents that both social classes dont really know what to say to each other and find it strong to be themselves in each others company. The class struggle is further highlighted with the introduction of the character Hilliard. Hilliard, much like Barton, is an officer in the trenches. The relationship with which he has with Barton compared to Parkin is of great difference representing the social boundaries that members of the British army throughout World War I would have faced.The relationship that Barton has with his social equal, Hilliard, could be viewed as a strong family bond and perhaps even slightly homosexual. The comfortable relationship that both officers have compared to the relationship with Parkin really highlights the item that class boundaries are a major factor. The structure of both communications next to each other really highlights the clashes as direct contrasts and comparisons can be drawn between both c onversations.The use of this by the author really illustrates to the reader the differences in the characters and enables the reader to draw up questions about the officers. The relationship that Barton and Hilliard have could be portrayed as being like husband and wife. This is highlighted where it states Do you want to turn the lamp on? I thought you were asleep. / No, I was waiting for you. . This could be interpreted by the reader as being highly homosexual and similar to a married life at home.A constant representation of the Queer Theory is brought up through many texts involving the First World War and seemed to be acceptable within the trenches. This is further highlighted with Strange Meeting where it states in conversation between Barton and Hilliard I want to take you everywhere, show you everything This further highlights their struggle with homosexuality but it also gives the reader an insight into what Susan Hills opinion regarding the war is about.The talk of the town of everything and anything within the war could perhaps insinuate boredom through the trenches or perhaps even more controversially the fear with which the soldiers have. Their constant distraction and conversation about other matters outside the war could indicate that even the image of trench life which has been talked as being calm and okay within the extract could in fact be terrifying the soldiers involved so much that they want to be constantly distracted away from it and discuss the positivity that mentation of home and the outside world may have.The indication that the positivity could be hiding the negativity of the war. The relationship between soldiers offers a different interpretation in Birdsong. Throughout Birdsong there is very little conversation between the soldiers unlike Strange Meeting so the reader has to gather a sense of the relationships from what the voice of the extract is telling them rather than from converse between the characters. The constant the me regarding the soldiers throughout the extract is buddyhood, in contrast to homosexual tendencies in Strange Meeting.Constant references throughout he extract such as The three men lay close together, Help me, and brother all create an image of friendship and brotherhood to the reader and helps insinuate that they are all there to help each other and watch each others back in the horrors of war. Even though this also shows togetherness between the soldiers much like Strange meeting the readers interpretations differ as one text depicts the soldiers as too close and the other as good friends.The constantly different interpretations with both extracts is completely down to the fact that both authors only have facts of what they have heard and have no first-hand experience of the trenches due to the texts modernistic tendencies. Along with differing circumstances throughout all the lines of the trenches no exact accounts can be given within the two texts regarding the way the trench es and the soldiers relationships with each other would have been as no trench would have been the same, the soldiers would have been all of differing backgrounds and differing opinions on the job they have to do.

Christmas Night at School

The issue presented for discussion is whether the state of Massachusetts can validly allow a Christmas iniquity event. For this event, the inculcate is planning a theatrical production of the Three Wise Men, a presentation of several Christmas songs and a grab-bag generate session, for which all students were asked to bring a gift costing between five and ten dollars.Steve and his parents do non celebrate Christmas, and have therefore asked the teach to change the theme of the night to not be a Christmas night. The inform has stated that the Christmas Night will go on as planned, but that Steve and his parents are invited to not attend if that makes them feel more comfort up to(p). Weisman ruling and State Law/Regulations Based on the present state of both federal and Massachusetts state law, the school will not be able to hold Christmas Night as planned.There are several reasons for this, most notably a relatively consistent line of united States dictatorial courtyard cas es which have held that whatever attempts by a state actor to sanction or sponsor an event which endorses or promotes a specific godliness will be struck down as unconstitutional under the Establishment clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution. Weisman Ruling The most recent and pre-eminent case on auspicate is Lee v. Weisman (505 U. S. 77 (1992)), which held that a Providence, Rhode Island middle school violated the Establishment Clause when it invited a rabbi to its commencement activities to give an thaumaturgy prayer to the student clay and their parents. Upon objection by the parents of student Weisman to the invocation, the school districted defended its position as compliant with the Establishment Clause by virtue of the fact that go againsticipation in the invocation was completely voluntary and that there was no penalty for not participating.These facts are in many ways completely analogous to the matter of Steves Christmas Night at his school. Two keys area s of rationale by the Weisman court explain why the position of Steves school likelky will not pass muster. First, according to the approach, the filling of not attending an event without penalty is not considered a viable and voluntary option. The Court places an intangible value on participating in certain(p) events in a childs educational life that not attending deprives one of. One of these certainly is the commencement exercise and, arguably, the school pass festivities are an new(prenominal).While the Weisman court ruling is limited to the graduation exercise, it is reasonable that a student who is the only (or one of the only) student to not attend is cosmos deprived the benefit of a valued experience that is being sponsored by the school. Secondly, the Weisman Court held that under, the coercion test, which is the present standard for evaluating cases under the Establishment Clause, an event is unconstitutional even if it creates an indirect coercion. This means that a s chool can not authorize the practice of any particular religion.The Court rationed that it is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious course carried on by government (505 U. S. 577, 588). Steves school is attempting to do exactly what the Weisman Court said it cannot do- create a school program which is composed of the prayers and messages of a specific religion. Massachusetts Law/Regulations This position is even further supported by the existing law in Massachusetts on the subject.The starting baksheesh for this analysis is the General Laws of Massachusetts, Chapter 71, Section 31A, which provides that the school committee may set appropriate guidelines for the celebration of Christmas and other festivals observed as holi mean solar days for the purpose of furthering the educational, cultural and well-disposed experiences and development of children. This statute does two things a t the state level. First, it acknowledges the need and propriety for regulating the observance of Christmas (and other holidays). Second, it recognizes that school observance of religious holidays is of educational, cultural and kindly value to students.Massachusetts passed Regulation 603 in its Regulatory Code which contains a section (26) on Access to Equal Educational Opportunity. The purpose of this section is to interpret that Massachusetts public schools do not discriminate against students on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, national origin or sexual orientation and that all students have fitting rights of access and equal enjoyment of the opportunities, advantages, privileges and courses of study at such schools (603 CMR 26. 01). Further, these regulations impose requirements on the schools to insure that all students are treated equallyNo school shall sponsor or participate in the organization of outside extra-curricular activities conducted at such school that restrict student participation on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, national origin or sexual orientation (603 CMR 26. 07). Steves school is attempting to sponsor an event that will run directly counter to the mandate of the Regulation, especially 603 CMR 26. 07. The school will argue that Christmas Night is open to all to participate and that any restriction based on religion is on the part of the students family and not by the school.The Weisman Court ruled that to give the student the option of participating in a faith-based event which runs counter to his or her beliefs or to be excluded by virtue of a voluntary (and permitted) absence, and in so doing be deprived of the extra-curricular activity sponsored by the school, creates the indirect coercion and therefore violates the Establishment Clause. sources Thoughts on the Issue This issue presents two sub-issues for discussion. The first is whether the laws and court cases are proper on their face and the second is wheth er justice is being served in this instance.Regarding the first the issue, it appears that the laws are generally consistent with our nations determine and beliefs on the matter of separation of church and state. Our founding fathers fled their respectfulnessive home countries often times in the face of severe religious oppression. Even on our soil, the Salem witch trials demonstrate the dangers of religious intolerance and regulation. One of the core values that Americans have always stood for is the individual right to practice faith and to be free from institutionalized religion.Thus, the default position of the law, which states that any adoption of a religions practices or dogma is a violation of our constitutional guarantee against the establishment of a religious or its practices, is well founded and consistent with our national values. With respect to the matter of censoring Christmas however, the issue can get a little more muddled. Certainly, Christmas is a denomination al holiday and certainly many of Christmas traditions and observances are genuinely religious in their nature.However, Christmas in a higher place all other denominational holidays, has become quite Americanized since the middle of the 20th century. Many of the customs and traditions have no rush at all on faith or theology or dogma. Many Americans when they say merry Christmas are genuinely saying happy holidays. around Americans when they hear merry Christmas are actually hearing happy holidays. When left generic and without any of the religious or theological references, Christmas is one of the few events which actually has a unifying and pacifying effect on the nation.It would be a shame to lose out on this galvanizing and festive force. Analysis of Additional U. S. Supreme Court Cases Abington v. Schempp The landmark case regarding the establishment of religion in U. S. public schools is Abington Township crop District v. Schempp (374 US 203 (1963)), which ruled that sc hool sponsored watchword practice session in public schools is unconstitutional. This Court ruled that the government, in matters of religion, must protect all, prefer none and disparage none. Neutrality was the only acceptable position for a state or federal government to pursue with respect to any expression of religion.In his concurring opinion, Justice William Brennan acknowledged that school prayer and Bible study was a significant feature of American life when the Constitution and Bill of Rights were ratified. However, Brennan noted that it was not in the nations best fire to seek to interpret the relevance of the Establishment Clause to modern society by applying the literal intent of the interpretation given to the Clause in the previous centuries. Wallace v. Jaffree In 1985 the United States Supreme Court, in Wallace v. Jaffree (472 U. S. 8 (1985)), found that Alabamas practice of setting aside one minute during each day for silent prayer or meditation to be unconstituti onal.The Court struck down the statute requiring the silent prayer because its purpose was to advance to religion and there was no significant secular purpose for the law. Further, the Court found that the statute placed prayer in favored status over non-prayer, which violates the Establishment Clauses prohibition against endorsing belief over non-belief and worshippers over dissenters. Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe In a more recent case, Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (530 U. S. 290 (2000)), the Court ruled that allowing student-led prayer during the schools sponsored football games is unconstitutional. While the school argued that the prayer was private and not public speech, the Court rationed that because of the fact that the prayer is led during the schools sponsored game, using school owned P. A. equipment and on School owned property, the listener will inevitably conclude that School has endorsed the prayer.Suggestions for a Modified Christmas Night . In order to be able to present a Christmas night, the school must effectively sanitize the event. First, the name should be changed to invent a holiday season event, without reference to one or more particular religious holidays. Second the program should be expanded to include other cultural holidays. Third, the programs should endeavor to be educational in nature and not merely a celebration of one religions customs. Finally, the program should not include any aspects of a programs dogma or theology (such as the Three Wise Men or the nativity scene). However, a Christmas tree (properly adorned) would be fine.Even these modifications might not be enough to prevent successful challenges by offended students and their parents. Conclusion The Supreme Court of the United States has, for the past 60-70 years, taken the position that any actions by Federal, state or local government which appears to or actually does promote one religion above another, or subjugates one below another, is invalid and unconstitutional. While the notion of a school Christmas Night does not seem to be nefarious by any means, it will impede on the rights citizens to not be indirectly coerced into participating in a religious event that is not part of their faith or beliefs.

Pay Equity In Labor Force Movement Essay

Debates or so wo workforces rights at work and the sexualityed dimensions of workplace in equality were not able-bodied and contested features of Canadian political discourse through bug out the secondment half of the twentieth century. Concern about these issues took topic during the 1940s, when women experienced dramatic shifts in their work opportunities as a result of being drawn into and later jettis unityd from the reserve army of wartime push. Pressure to improve womens habit conditions, particularly in the burgeoning public arena, recurred in the mid-1950s.However, it was in the 1960s, once the second wave of womens lib took root in Canada, that women began to develop a sustained critique of the example inequalities they experienced and pressure their political sympathiess to deal out the problem through polity innovation and change. (Westhues, 45-58) From the outset of second-wave feminism, women advanced analyses of concern inequality that took account of the ir drudge in two the public and domestic surface areas.As Brockman noted, activists drew heed, as had never been done before, to the ingrained incompatibility between reproductive crusade and nipper premeditation, on the one hand, and paid work on the some otherwise, as well as to the profound consequences of this incompatibility. (Brockman, 78-93) While liberal, radical, and socialist feminists approached this issue from several(predicate) ideological advantage points, they shared a common belief that the causes of sexual practice inequality in employment were not root solely in the workplace.Only, they claimed, if questions about womens employment in the public sphere were addressed in tandem with questions about their push back in the domestic sphere would the gendered dimensions of employment inequality be richly down the stairsstood. In particular, feminists thought that womens maternal work had to be recognized in discussions about promoting gender equality i n the workplace.As Westhues, a well-known socialist feminist, once argued, As long as women digest the primary responsibleness for maintenance of the home and for infant care, we will be less than able to pursue job opportunities and our domestic commitments will be used to justify discriminatory employment practices. (Westhues, 45-58) ontogeny awareness of the need to cerebrate questions about production and reproduction in analyses of womens economic jell was by no means unique to Canadian feminism.It was, for example, well established in the early piece of music of second-wave feminists in Britain and the United States. What did, however, distinguish Canadian feminists from their counterparts in these other liberal democracies was an ability to work together, patronage ideological differences, in order to advance this double-edged critique of gender inequality in employment. chastise from the start of the contemporary womens movement, Canadian feminists engaged with the state, demanding policies that recognized the link between womens employment opportunities and the supply of baby care.Canadian feminists lobbied both federal official and provincial governments about the need to improve womens employment opportunities and expand the provision of baby care. It was in the federal arena, however, that women (outside Quebec) focused their demands for the learning of policies that acknowledged the link between these two issues. In some respects, this federal focus was surprising. After all, only one-tenth of the Canadian labor force is regulated by the federal government, and even at the start of second-wave feminism both federal and provincial governments had been involved in employment opportunity and pip-squeak care initiatives.Moreover, even though the federal government has the constitutional capacity to use its spending power to underwrite the provision of state-subsidized kidskin care, it is the provinces that retain constitutional control over the delivery of this service. The federal focus of womens campaigns was encouraged by the fact that the renaissance of Canadian feminism occurred within the context of a broader social project to progress to universal welfare guarantees, assured by the Canadian state.It was reinforced by the government of Canadas termination to establish the 1967 Royal Commission on the Status of Women (RCSW) to inquire how best the federal government could turn back that women enjoyed equal opportunities with men in all aspects of Canadian society. It has since been sustained by the work of activists in national organizations, in particular the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC), founded in 1972, and the Canadian day Care Advocacy Association (CDCAA), established in 1982 and renamed the Child Care Advocacy Association of Canada (CCAAC) in 1992.However, despite a long history of feminist engagement with the federal state, womens repeated campaigns for the development o f policies to address the double-edged nature of gender inequality in employment, and the clear recognition of these demands in reports of imperial commissions and task forces, the federal policy response has been uneven. Policies to eradicate sex discrimination at work and set ahead womens employment opportunities deplete been true and implemented in the federal policy sphere.By contrast, the federal government has not developed policies to put up a publicly funded system of child care in order to enhance womens employment opportunities, save as emergency measures during the Second World fight or as an element of broader initiatives to get welfare mothers out to work. Instead it has treated child care as a fiscal issue for which parents can receive subsidies through federal taxation.This paper examines why a double-edged interpretation of womens employment inequality, which recognizes the public and domestic dimensions of womens work, has not been fully absorbed into federal policies to promote gender equality in the sphere of employment. The analysis follows the development of debates about womens rights at work from the period of reconstruction after the Second World War, when questions about eradicating employment discrimination against worker-citizens first emerged in Canadian political debate, through to the close of the twentieth century.It examines federal policy developments under Liberal and Conservative governments, showing that even though the reports of federal royal commissions and task forces encoded feminist demands for a double-edged attack on employment inequality, questions about promoting womens employment equality and child care were continually driven apart in the federal policy process.Womens Paid and condole with WorkWhile this is by no means the first time that scholars beat considered the relationship between Canadian womens work inside and outside the home, it is noticeable how the link between these two aspects of womens lab or was explored by historians and sociologists before being addressed by analysts of public policy. In the late 1970s, members of the Womens History Collective at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education and the Clio Collective in Montreal pioneered research in Canada on how womens labor had shifted from the unpaid domestic sphere into the world of paid employment.In the process, they unearthed textual and oral histories that demonstrated how, despite this transition, women still faced the double bind of a double-day in which they went out to work for pay and home to work for love. Their findings were reinforced in late 1970s and 1980s by sociological analyses of womens work arguing that because women so often entered employment while maintaining primary responsibility for the care of their children, they frequently found themselves concentrated in low-paid, low-locating employment.Despite the fact that historians, sociologists, and feminist activists drew assistance to the d ouble ghetto of womens working lives, discussions about policies to promote womens employment opportunities and improve the provision of child care evolved as distinct scholarly debates. The writings on policies to promote Canadian womens employment opportunities emerged within the context of broader discussions and debates about the development of policies to root out discrimination in the workplace.By contrast, the literature on Canadian child care policy evolved around questions about the development, cost, and politics of implementing public policies to promote the welfare, education, care, and development of young children. In recent years, however, policy analysts have paid much greater attention to the link between womens paid and caring work. Jacobs, 120-128) Nonetheless, no one has yet considered why Canadian government policies to promote womens employment opportunities and improve the provision of child care have been developed at such different rates and, despite repeat ed calls to the contrary, not linked in the send off of public policies to promote gender equality in federally regulated employment. This copy of inquiry is understandable, habituated the discrete historical development of policies concerned with child care and those concerned with womens employment.However, it unduly limits our understanding of the gendered dimensions of employment inequality in Canada and fails to capture the empirical reality of many womens working lives. double-edged Nature of Womens Employment Inequality Why did womens double-edged demand for equal employment opportunities and child care emerge in Canada in the 1960s and 1970s? After all, from the mid-1950s Canada experienced one of the fastest rates of labor force feminization in the Western industrialized world.The decline of manufacturing industries and the nonessential evolution of the tertiary sector in the 1950s and 1960s meant that while industries that had traditionally attracted men closed down , those demanding support skills that had long characterized womens traditional domestic roles expanded. Moreover, in countries like Canada, where welfare states were being established, the growth in womens employment intensified approximately quickly.The much trumpeted rise in female labor force participation rates did not, however, mean that women engaged in paid employment on the aforesaid(prenominal) terms as men. The occupational segregation of Canadian men and women persisted in both horizontal and erect forms. In fact, this process intensified with the increased participation of women in the paid labor force. As a result, the vast majority of women found themselves working in poorly paid occupations, situated in the get down echelons of private companies and public sector organizations.Moreover, as Jacobs have noted, although the creation of welfare states meant that women as a root word had more employment opportunities open up for them than men in the mid-twentieth cen tury, the growth in womens employment was in the part-time sector of the labor force, which was increasingly dominated by women in all OECD (Organization for sparing Co-operation and Development) countries. Jacobs, 120-128) This simply intensified the inequalities of employment opportunity that women experienced because part-time work is concentrated in the least-skilled, lowest-paid, and near poorly organized sections of the labor force, where benefits are usually more limited than in the full-time sector.The speedy growth in womens participation in part-time rather than fulltime employment reflects two other factors about the feminization of the Canadian labor force. On the one hand, it relates to the type of work that the service sector has generated and to the increasing flexibility demanded of its employees.On the other hand, it reflects the fact that the greatest increase in female labor force participation rates since the 1960s has been among women with young children. In t he early 1960s, most female employees in Canada would leave the workforce when their first child was born and return only when their youngest child had entered school. By the mid-1980s most women with young children went out to work. Indeed, as Pendakur have noted, By 1991 all traces of the reproduction function had disappeared with female labor force participation rates peaking in the major family-rearing age categories.The double burden that women experience from cheat their employment while continuing to care for their children has been reinforced by the limited provision of subsidized child care spaces in Canada. In the late 1960s, when women began to pressure the federal government to address the minimal provision of child care for working women, federal subsidies for child care were limited to support for welfare mothers under the 1966 Canada Assistance Plan.This pattern changed very little in the course of the twentieth century, although federal subsidies to support child ca re for low-income families became increasingly tied to efforts to get mothers receiving welfare out to work. Although recent federal publications on the status of day care in Canada boast a twenty-five-fold increase in child care spaces since the government first gathered these data in 1971, in fact the proportion of children of working mothers who have nettle to regulated child care expects very low.As a result, most working parents remain highly dependent on informal, unregulated child care. Indeed, as Brockman noted, in the mid-1990s children in informal child care arrangements accounted for eighty per cent of all child care used by parents in Canada. (Brockman, 78-93) The federal state in Canada has addressed questions about promoting equal employment opportunities for men and women in the public sphere with relative ease but has failed to recognize that this project cannot be achieved without addressing the questions of child care that affect so many womens working lives.Whi le the reasons for this are complex, some insights from feminist theory may cooperate us to begin this exploration. In recent years, a number of feminist theorists have discussed how the concept of worker-citizenship that took root as welfare states were developed in countries such as Canada did not take account of the different contexts in which women and men often assumed employment. (Pendakur, 111-120)As a result, when questions about promoting equal employment opportunities for men and women began to emerge in the 1950s and 60s, they were framed in terms of women achieving the same opportunities as men. Indeed, Canadian have tried to develop a more nuanced concept of worker citizenship that not only respects the aim of equality of opportunity but also takes workers particular circumstances into account and, in the case of women, enables them to unify their paid and caring work better.In the process, women have argued that a state that upholds the principle of gender equality must develop policies that take account of the interconnectedness of the public and domestic spheres and recognize the different contexts in which men and women often assume employment. Conclusion Nonetheless, although Canadian feminists have a long history of dynamic engagement with the state, developed through a visible and articulate womens movement that has successfully fixed issues on the political agenda, the result, more often than not, has been that their demands have been contained within a limited set of reforms.As a result, those aspects of gender discrimination in the workplace that concern practices within the public sphere have been acknowledged through the introduction of anti-discrimination and employment equity policies. By contrast, women have had more difficulty get their proposals for policies that transcend the public/ private divide, by linking questions of equal employment opportunity with those of child care, acknowledged in the federal policy arena.Despit e their efforts to forge these links through two major royal commissions and other government inquiries, problems of gender inequality in employment are still primarily defined as issues located within the public sphere of employment. Without doubt, over the past thirty years there have been clear improvements in the position of women in the federally regulated section of the Canadian labor force. Nonetheless, women deal to cluster in the lower echelons of companies and organizations and remain under-represented in more senior positions.While this persistent pattern of inequality has many causes, paper shows how it reflects a federal policy process that concentrates on ensuring the comparable discourse of male and female employees once they have entered the labor market, yet, for complex reasons, repeatedly stalls on maturation a more expansive approach to child care. As a result, federal policies to promote gender equality in the sphere of employment neglect the inequalities of access and participation that many women experience as they continue or resume employment once they have dependent children.

Why was Hitler able to dominate Germany by 1934?

The S. A. was, essentially, the private army of the NSDAP. During the years of endemic forcefulness in Ger umpteen after(prenominal) its defeat in the First World War until 1925, and again after 1930, after the prosperity brought by the Young plan evaporated with the Wall Street force of October 1929, such private armies were commonplace, and indeed necessary.Many members of the S. A. had come out of the defeated German army, and were in effect mercenary thugs. The principal friendship of the S. A. to many of its members was not the governmental ideology of the party for which it worked (although a great many of them were probably national socialist sympathizers), but rather its pomp, regalia and display (the S. A. wore the uniform of the defeated German army, evoking patriotic spirit among some(prenominal) its members and the general public), which were used to great effect to boost party membership (indeed, this was one of the briny aims of the S. A.) and to soak up new sy mpathizers.The main job of the S. A. was to provide security for the Nazi party, particularly at its rallies, which could easily receive been ruined with the presence of a few hardcore opposition supporters intent on cause persecute to their political enemies equally, the S. A. was designed to disrupt the meetings of opposition parties, and to attack (physically, rather than verbally) their politicians, and, particularly when the Nazis were in power, the Jews.The S. A. offered stability to its members, in a time at which unemployment was astronomically high it also gave a sense of purpose to its much politically motivated members, who may well have felt that they were fighting for the good of the Fatherland. Indeed, the ideologies of members of the S. A. varied widely, from the ultranationalistic conservatives in the army whose views verged on the fascist, to those with strong socialist sympathies, such as Rohm, the leader of the S. A. until the Night of the grand Knives in J une 1934.b. Explain the reasons why the Wall Street part was important to the success of the Nazis after 1929.The main effect of the Wall Street Crash of October 1929 on the politics of Germany was the polarization of political opinion that it caused. The Crash caused the United States to recall the loans that it had made to Germany (and to other European powers, although they were less badly affected than Germany because they owed less specie to the US, as Germany was being rebuilt almost entirely with US money after the war), thus causing frugal chaos. A banking crisis led to a sharp drop in spending, causing businesses to go bankrupt, and thus causing mass unemployment. The citizenry that lost out the most were the middle divisiones, as the very rich had bountiful money that they could get by easily, and the poor were mostly agricultural workers, who could survive by subsistence farming and exchange their goods, which were essential to everyone.Almost all of the more enthu siastic supporters of the democratic Weimar republic also came from the middle classes, and with the erupt in their way of life caused by the Wall Street Crash and subsequent financial crisis in Germany, the government inevitably shouldered much of the blame. With most of the governments support having evaporated, raft inevitably looked to alternative systems of run principally those at almost diametrically opposite ends of the spectrum the nationalist ultra-conservative Nazi party, who promised to sort out the country, and the Communists and Socialists (Russia had been unaffected by the Wall Street Crash, owing to the fact that private ownership of land and thus the mortgages upon which people in Germany had to default was forbidden).It is worth remembering that the Nazi party was not the provided party to which people turned in the times of hardship after the Wall Street Crash. While the support for Weimar universally collapsed, both the Communists and Nazis gained seats i n the September 1930 Reichstag elections (although the Nazis did so in far greater quantity their figure of seats rose by 983% in the elections, as opposed to the Communists relatively meagre forty-three per centum rise).However, it is certain that this huge rise in popularity was caused, for the most part, by the middle classes deserting Weimar, and giving their support to the Nazi Party, which was, after all, far more respectable than the Communist Party. So convinced were many industrialists (notably the Thyssen and Schnitzler families) by Hitlers anti-communist promises that they gave queen-size sums of money to the Nazi party, a fact which demonstrates the respect given to the Nazi Party by many people held in high regard.While the Wall Street Crash was a principal component part out in the rise of the Nazi party, it was by no means the only one. The wipeout in October 1929 of Gustav Stresemann, the extremely able Chancellor, struck another blow to the Weimar government , contributing to its loss of popular confidence. He was succeeded by Brunning, who impose a rigorous economic policy of cuts, enforced by presidential decree from the aging von Hindenburg, which, although they may have been a possible solution to the economic problems of Germany, were deeply unpopular, and meant that still fewer middle class people supported the democratic system of government. His foreign policy, however, was remarkably similar to Hitlers he talked of remilitarizing the Rhineland, and even of Anschluss with Austria.The blaming of the Communists and incidental elimination of opposition in the next elections after the Reichstag fire was also an extremely important factor in the NSDAPs gaining a majority in the Reichstag and thus eventual power, with Hitler as Chancellor.The Wall Street Crash was thus important to the rise of the Nazi party after 1929 because it resulted in an economic crisis in Germany, which precipitated a loss of confidence in the Weimar govern ment from the middle classes. The hard times in Germany led to political polarization, and, while the Nazis were not the only beneficiaries of this, they certainly received a boost in their levels of support. However, it was not the only reason for their rise to power the Reichstag fire and thus the elimination of opposition to the Nazi party, and before that, the death of Stresemann, both contributed to the NSDAPs rise to power.

Ãtzi, the Oldest Ice Body Ever Found Essay

Recent Finding Sheds New Light on the Stone epochIn recent years, the name tzi has been on the edge of every archaeologists tongue. In fact, experts think that the remains of the Iceman date back to 3,255 BC.The discovery of the Iceman came about when two German hole climbers, Erika and Helmut Simon spotted the skeletal remains of tzi, the name that was given to the unidentified prehistoric man, while hiking in the tztal the Alps in 1991.On September 23rd 1991, when the Icemans corpse was extracted from beneath the ice, archaeologists discovered that they werent dealing with just an ordinary cadaver. In fact, various objects that were overly uncovered within great law of proximity of tzis body, such as leather hide remnants a bearskin cap, made it relatively escaped to date him.Upon forensic examination, scientists discovered that the Stone Aged man had many anatomical abnormalities. As a matter of fact, he lacked both wisdom teeth and a 12th pair ribs. The analysis also shows worn joints, hardened arteries, multiples bruises, over filthy tattoos, and a small gash in his skull which proved to be fatal. Further laboratory scrutiny portrays the Iceman as being brown eyed, bearded, furrow faced man, scant(p) over 5 feet tall and weighing approximately a hundred pounds.Even though the experience of death is still being debated, most experts believe that tzi died by the burst of a blood watercraft and cardiovascular vesicle caused by an arrow head to his left shoulder.

Founding Theorists of Management

distinguish the world theorists of counsel and then discuss the major schools of thought chthonian which their theories piece of tail be classified. The founding theorists of management are Frederick Taylor, pocket Weber, Henri Fayol and Mary Parker Follett. Taylors theory is classified under Scientific Management, and he was known as the father of scientific management. Scientific management can be define as the scientific determination of changes in management practices as a bureau improving agitate productivity.Taylors theory focuses on efficiency in the organization, improving the productivity of manual workers, and it demonstrates how providing workers with an incentive to bring about can increase productivity. Taylors theory suggested four principles of scientific management. The first principle involves developing a science for each atom of an individuals work to replace the old rule of finger methods. The second principle involves scientifically selecting, trainin g and developing workers.Related article Examples of Scientific Management in HealthcareThe third principle involves developing cooperation between workers and management to tick off that work is done in compliance with the scientifically devised procedures. The fourth and final principle of scientific management involves the equal division of work and business among workers. While scientific management was praised for improving productivity, it was in like manner criticized, because it ignored the individual differences among workers, and could not see that the virtually efficient way of working for one person whitethorn differ from that of another person.The application of scientific management is seen in todays organizations when the exceed qualified applicants are hired for a job. Max Weber developed a theory of authority structures theory is classified under Bureaucratic Management, and it may be described as a full-dress system of organization based on all the way defi ned hierarchal levels and roles in order to maintain efficiency and tellingness. Weber believed that organizations should be managed on an impersonal, quick-scented basis, and that this type of organization would be to a greater extent efficient and adaptable to change because stability is related to formal structure and positions rather than to a articular person who may leave or die. Weber determine half a dozen elements of bureaucratic management. This first element involves the division of labour with clear definitions of authority and responsibility. The second element involves the organization of positions in a hierarchy of authority, where each position is under the authority of a high one, and subjects follow the orders of their superiors. The third element involves the selection and promotion of personnel based on technical qualifications, or training and experience.The fourth element involves administrative acts and decisions which are governed by rules, and are reco rded in everlasting files to provide the organization with memory and continuity over time. The fifth element states that means of production or administration belong to the office, and that personal property is separate from office property. The sixth and final element of bureaucratic management states that rules are impersonal and applied to all employees. It also states that managers are subject to rules and procedures that will ensure predictable and reliable behavior.Bureaucratic procedures provide a standard way of dealing with employees. Everyone receives equal treatment and knows what the rules are, and this has enabled legion(predicate) organizations to be very efficient. The application of bureaucratic management is seen in todays organizations with the Employee Code of Conduct. Henri Fayols theory can be classified under General Administrative Theory, and focuses on the one best way to run the organization. The general administrative theory focuses on how the entire org anization should be organized, and the practices an effective manager should follow.Fayol proposed a universal set of management functions, which are planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Planning, involves anticipating the future and acting on it. Organizing requires developing the institutions material and gentleman resources. Commanding requires keeping the organizations actions and processes running. coordinate involves aligning and harmonizing the efforts of organizational members. The final management function controlling, involves performing the first four functions according o the appropriate rules and procedures of the organization. Fayol developed theories of what he believed constituted good management practices, known as the xiv principles of management. The fourteen principles are specialization of labour, authority, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests, remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of staff, initiative, and spirit de corps, which means harmony and cohesion among personnel.Specialization of labour is where managerial and technical work is amenable to specialization to produce more and better work with the same amount of effort. Authority refers to the right of superiors to give orders and to expect them to be followed. case is where the members in any organization must respect the rules and agreements governing the organization. Unity of command is where each subordinate receives orders from one superior simply. Unity of direction means similar activities in the organization should be grouped together under one manager.Subordination of individual interests means, the concerns of the organization should take precedence over the concerns of the individual. Remuneration refers to pay for work done, and it should be fair to both the employee and the employer. Centralization refers to the degree to which decision making is concent rated at the top levels of the organization. Scalar chain refers to the chain of authority which extends from the top to the bottom levels of the organization.Order implies that all material and human resources within the organization have a prescribed place to be. Material resources must remain in the right place at the right time, and people should be in the jobs or positions they are desirable to. Equity implies that everyone within the organization should be treated equally. Stability of staff implies that there should be a low employee turnover rate in order to facilitate the efficient functioning of the organization.Initiative means that subordinates should be given freedom to share their ideas and carry out their plans. Esprit de corps means creating team spirit with the use of verbal communication, to promote harmony and cohesion among personnel. Fayol also stressed the role of administrative management and stated that all activities that occur in business organizations co uld be divided into six main groups, which are, technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting system and managerial.For example, production and manufacturing activities can be grouped under technical buying, selling and exchange activities can be grouped under commercial activities obtaining and using capital can be grouped under pay protection of property and persons can be grouped under security balance sheet, stocktaking, statistics and costing activities can be grouped under accounting and planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling activities can be grouped under managerial.Fayol then concluded that the six groups of activities are interdependent and that it is the role of management to ensure that all six activities work smoothly to achieve the goals of an organization. Mary Parker Follett was a major contributor to the administrative approach to management. However, she was also an advocate of a more humanistic perspective to management, which hi ghlighted the importance of understanding human behaviors, needs and attitudes in the workplace, as well as social interactions and group processes.She emphasized worker participation and the importance of goals that cannot be reached by a single party for reducing conflicts in organizations. Follett explained that managerial dominance and compromising hardly produced temporary adjustments. She proposed a process in which parties involved in conflict would interact despite the existent facts, and allow a new solution to come into view that none of the conflicting parties had considered. She called this approach to resolve conflict an integrating process.Mary Parker Folletts approach to leadership stressed the importance of people, rather than engineering techniques, and she intercommunicate issues such as ethics, power, and how to lead in a way that encourages employees to give their best, as well as the concepts of delegation of power and authority to employees, rather than cont rolling them. Although Frederick Taylor, Max Weber, Henri Fayol and Mary Parker Follett are not the only theorists to make contributions to the schools of thought of management, they have all made significant contributions to management, many of which have been implemented and nevertheless modified, in todays organizations.

Walmart Store Analysis

Wal-Mart, Always Low Prices, Always. It is well kat oncen that bingle of the great keys to Wal-Marts formidable success is its move-than- impression be of doing business sector. Wages in particular argon as low as can be. Minimum locks and minimum benefits thats the way Wal-Mart stays revolutionary competitive.This report examines the state of Wal-Marts business pr exemplifyices and its effect on the economy. It testament describe Wal-Mart as a non-union employer, paying lower contend to their employees than other retail and grocery stores. They do non offer benefits to completely employees and more than or less atomic number 18 unable to afford them.Between Wal-Marts business practices in increasing their profits and the need to recognize their social and ethical responsibilities, Wal-Mart needs to find a comfortable balance of profitability and debt instrument in order to improve their report card.During the process of writing this report, we found that there was much much knowledge to be discussed ab disclose Wal-Marts unethical business practice than what was reported. We also wanted to point come in that although all companies do everything possible to lower their comprises and maintain mettlesome production rates, Wal-Mart has crossed the strain oer the years by managing their profits in unethical ways compared to other large corporations who substantiate been ethically and successfully managing their business practices. Information that can be found on Wal-Mart is changing daily and it wassome successions difficult to preserve up.EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWal-Mart has been recognized as the leader in its industry and the largest company in the nation. With its knock- tidy sum(a) profit reservation abilities, Wal-Mart has grown from a local corner store to the money devising monster it is nowadays. The company has damaged its reputation over the years due to unethical plectrons made by its top exe releaseives. As a result, its anti- union stance has been singled out on issues concerning benefits, wages, and overall business practices.When reviewing Wal-Marts monetary statements, one would be overwhelmed to see such(prenominal)(prenominal) superior performances just now when you are a Wal-Mart employee, it is no awe why that is true. Employees accommodate been denied opportunities of advancement and pay raises. Lawsuits puzzle been pending against the company with employees claiming they have been denied promotion opportunities in the company due to their gender, and some employees have sued for being over-worked and under paid.Wal-Mart has become so big in its industry, that it has lowered the wages through and through out the country and has influenced economic change. Since most of Wal-Marts employees live beneath the poverty rootage, it is difficult for them to afford health insurance when deductions out of their paychecks are sometimes as high as 33%. A Wal-Mart employee who commences health ins urance would have a very difficult time raising a family with this kind of premium. Wal-Mart employees are unable to receive healthcare benefits because the cost is too high and their wages are low.As a result, employees face a difficult time deciding whether to sacrifice such a large portion of their pay to obtain health insurance in most cases Wal-Mart employees last out without health coverage. Deductions for health insurance are higher for Wal-Mart employees than other national retail employees. A Wal-Mart employee pays around 25% more for health insurance than the add up retail role player. Wal-Mart has also been opposed by its womanish employees, who make up two-thirds of its work deplume.Women have been discriminated in wage and have been denied any advancement to upper managerial positions dominated my men. Men make approximately 5%-15% more than women and have a higher fate of advancing to a break out position. Dukes vs. Wal-Mart, filed in 2001, was the largest laws uit against a private employer in the nation and correspond 1. 6 million fe anthropoid employees who were discriminated based on their sex. From lawsuits to employee complaints, Wal-Mart has been faced with a great deal of difficulties that have developed through their own unethical business practices.Although every companys goal is to lower costs and produce large numbers, Wal-Mart has made sky-rocketing profits by unethically hurting its employees and cutting take down their wages. Many question why Wal-Mart, the richest retailer in the world, chooses not to depart adequate wages or health benefits for its employees. If Wal-Mart were to reform its health benefits program, raise their product sets by as little as a penny, and create a bias free working environment for women, Wal-Mart would be in better foothold with its employees and improve the reputation it sacrificed from the start.SAVE MONEY, LIVE BETTER, NOT ON WAL-MART WAGESINTRODUCTION BackgroundWal-Mart, the large int ernational send away chain was founded by Sam Walton. On May 5, 1950, Walton purchased a store in Bentonville, Arkansas, and opened Waltons 5 & 10. Little did the small town residents know that they would later become the headquarters for the worlds largest retailer store in the U. S. Through his savvy, and sometimes unusual, business practices, he and his unites led the company forth for thirty years.As Wal-Mart grew into a global corporation it is today, it has dealt with a great deal of criticism by outsiders. Wal-Marts ethical citizenship has been questioned numerous times and researched by many. on that point have been many doubts about Wal-Marts business integrity and questions whether their practices are ethical or not. Wal-Mart has faced, and is still facing, a portentous step of controversy over several different issues.Wal-Mart has been caught bribing its employees, discriminating against women, denying its employees of training or promotions, paying low wages, and p roviding high deductibles for health insurance. Wal-Mart is now paying the consequences and need to become socially responsible in order to maintain a better reputation with society. Although consumers are reeled in with the low prices Wal-Mart has to offer, others feel their ethical beliefs are more important than prudence a quick buck.Statement of Purpose The purpose of this report is to examine Wal-Marts unethical business practices with a focus on employee wages and high health care deductibles. The report will question Wal-Marts aptitude to sell products cheaper than any of its leading competitors and yet maintain making a substantial amount of profit. The report will analyze the unethical practices that have developed through Wal-Marts history as a result of focusing on high productivity and profit making strategies.Scope The report will describe Wal-Marts unethical business practices that affect its employees. It will examine Wal-Marts unethical look in conducting business with an overall focus on employee wages.Limitations Time constraints have limited the extent of the research. There is a vast amount of information regarding this issue and we are unable to report it all. In addition, no funds are available to conduct primary research.Methods of Research The method of research for this paper was substitute(prenominal) research through databases, internet websites, and books. The research databases of California State University, Los Angeles, will be used to commit articles in current and past publication. The databases used are Lexis/Nexis andBusiness Source Premiere. Also libraries, such as the John F. Kennedy Memorial Library at California State University, Los Angeles and Los Angeles Public Library in porter Ranch, California.The major findings of this study indicate that Wal-Mart being the worlds largest and richest retail chain is setting the exemplar on wages for retail workers and beyond. Because Wal-Mart has become so big, it has dragged down wages throughout the country. Wal-Mart has become what it is today by selling products at low prices and paying their associates even off lower wages. Unhappy Wal-Mart workers complain as much about being over-worked as underpaid. Wal-Mart has its own stated policies at its employees expense. Wal-Mart pays its associates below grassroots living wage standards and even below poverty lines.Overworked and Underpaid EmployeesH. Lee Scott Jr. is the chief executive of the powerful corporation we call Wal-Mart. According to Mr. Scott, by selling vast quantities of goods at its trademark Every mean solar day Low Prices, Wal-Mart has single-handedly raised Americas standard of living, saving consumers about $ cytosine one thousand thousand a year (Bianco 2). They feel that selling vast quantities of low price merchandise gives them the right to act as if they represent the American people. Scott states, Wal-Mart also pull up stakess good jobs for hundreds of thousands of equally deserving employees, offers even part-time workers bounteous health insurance and other benefits (Bianco 2).He accuses greedy fag unions, inefficient supermarket chains, and other Wal-Mart opponents of distorting the facts to suit their own purposes. Wal-Mart insists on describing themselves as pro-associate, not anti-union, entirely is quick to suppress any and all attempts to have unions organize in its stores. In his book The Bully of Bentonville, Anthony Bianco describes how Wal-Mart has affected wages beyond their own company Because Wal-Mart is so big, it has dragged down wages throughout the country.Economists at the University of California at Berkeleyfound that Wal-Marts expansion during the 1990s cut the income of Americas retail employees by 1. 3 percentage-or by $4. 7 billion in 2000 alone. What is more, the dismay effect of Wal-Marts expansion on payrolls extended well beyond retailing. According to a 2005 digest by economists at the Public Policy Institute of Cal ifornia, take-home pay per person fell by 5 percent across the board following Wal-Marts entry into a country.The evidence potently suggest(s) that Wal-Mart stores lead to wage declines,shifts to lower-paying jobs (or less skilled workers), or increased use of part-time workers. (4) Today, Wal-Mart is surrounded by controversy, but the greatest is from within. Unhappy employees are quitting and dozens of class-action lawsuits are pending against the company. Managers have been known to force employees to work extra hours without pay either by eliminating breaks or by having them clock out and keep working off the clock. This is Wal-Marts way of saving on costs at the price of its employees. Store managers name bonuses based on pay.Since the corporation dictates the inventory and operating expenses, managers only control is labor costs. Joyce Moody, a former manager in Alabama and Mississippi, told the New York Times that Wal-Mart threatened to write up managers if they didnt brin g the payroll in low enough. Depositions in wage and hour lawsuits promulgate that company headquarters leaned on management to keep their labor costs at 8 percent of sales or less, and managers in turn leaned on assistant managers to work their employees off-the-clock or simply delete time from employee time sheet (ufcw.org).In the late 1990s Wal-Marts annual employee turnover rate was a remarkably high 70 percent, 40 percent higher than in antecedent years (Slater 120). Wal-Mart does not see this as being a problem. The constant turnover reduces employees eligible for raises, promotions, benefits, and holds the average wage down. Just another way to keep payroll costs at a minimum.Employee WagesWal-Mart employs 1. 3 million workers in just the U. S. and operates more than 3,400 stores throughout the United States. A full time employee working 28- 40 hours a week at Wal-Mart is paid on an average of $250 a week. Besides having low wages, those workers who are interested or eligi ble in obtaining health insurance for themselves or for their family pay high premiums and frequently dont get the coverage they expect. The bulk of Wal-Mart employees live below the poverty line and after making deductions in taxes and insurance coverage, a Wal-Mart employees salary is not enough to provide them a standard way of living.The 2003 poverty guideline for a family of four is $18,400, $4,256 more than the $14,144 in earnings a full-time Wal-Mart worker earns at $8 per hour A household of four with a gross income of $23,920 or less could be eligible for food stamps -$9,776 more than a full-time, $8-an-hour Wal-Mart worker would earn in a year. (www. aflcio. org) These numbers are even worst for part time workers. Today, one-third of Wal-Marts employees are part-time workers. They are limited to less than 34 hours of work per week and are not eligible for benefits and must wait 1 year before they can enroll.Sex Discrimination in the release PlaceIn addition to Wal-Marts low wages, its female workers are more disadvantaged and discriminated against in wage than its male workers. More than two thirds of Wal-Marts hourly employees are women and make up most of the lower wage positions which include working the cash registers, stocking shelves and working the sales floor. Although men take responsibilities in these positions as well, the majority of men who work at Wal-Mart have positions as Management Associates or much higher bedded positions. Seventy-two percent of Wal-Mart employees are female and less than one-third of those women have management positions in the company.With that in mind, the average male employee was paid about $5,000 more in 2001 per year than the average female full-time employee. As Wal-Marts own workforce data reveals, women in every major job household at Wal-Mart have been paid less than men with the same seniority, in every year since 1997 even though the female employees on average have higher performance ratings and l ess turnover than men. (http//www. walmartclass. com).Dukes vs. Wal-Mart is state to be the largest and most famous gender disagreement lawsuit against a private employer and is the largest class-action suit in U. S. history, representing 1.6 million current and former female employees. Betty Dukes was the leading plaintiff in the case and sued Wal-Mart for sex discrimination she was a fifty-four year old African-American woman who worked as a greeter for Wal-Mart.Factors such as seniority and performance were Wal-Marts main excuses and reasons that women earned from 5% to 15% less than men. It is unsatisfying to see that even the cashier positions, that are dominated by women, have men earning more than women. Wal-Mart not only overworks, under pays and discriminates against women, but it also provides neither childcare for workers or affordable family health benefits.Unaffordable healthcare DeductiblesWal-Mart employees are incapable of receiving healthcare benefits available fo r them because of its high cost and their low wages. Since most of Wal-Marts employees are unable to afford these health benefits, most of these individuals either turn to government aided insurance such as Medicaid, depend on their spouses forges, or expect to see a ready in rare and emergency cases with no insurance. It is argued that uncovered Wal-Mart employees are not signing up for checkup insurance and benefits because most of them exceed the income ceiling and are not eligible.Wal-Mart provides insurance for over 900,000 employees that are with and with out dependants. Employee premiums range between $143. 54 to $249. 71 per month for family coverage and $33. 04 to $72. 04 per month for single coverage. The National add up of workers covered by employer health insurance is 67 percent, and only 47 percent of Wal-Marts employees are covered by the companys health care plan. That is a huge gap when considering that from each one percent represents thousands of people.Most Wal-Mart employees have a difficult time deciding whether to attain health insurance or stay uninsured for the sake of saving money. Cynthia Murray, who has worked at a Wal-Mart store in Laurel, Md. , for six years, suffers from asthma, but goes to see a doctor only when she suffers a bad attack. Murray is 50 years old, makes $9. 47 an hour, and says that the Wal-Mart plan that costs $23 a month has a $1,000 deductible, which makes it too expensive for her to use. Another plan subtracts $100 from her paycheck every two weeks.I dont think anybody working at Wal-Mart has that kind of money, says Murray. All Im communicate from Wal-Mart is a fair share. (Gogoi). Many Americans question why Wal-Mart, one of the richest companies in the United States, cant offer affordable health insurance and pay a living wage. Comparing Wal-Marts employee health benefits and wages to Costcos employee health benefits and wages, one will notice that Costco not only pays its employees higher than Wal-Ma rt but their deductions are far less. The average wage at Costco is $17 an hour. a full-time worker at Wal-Mart makes $7.50 an hour on average.Costco workers pay just 8% of their health premiums, whereas Wal-Mart workers pay 33% of theirs. xci percent of Costcos employees are covered by retirement plans, with the company contributing an annual average of $1,330 per employee (Cascio). base on these facts, it is easy to say that Wal-Mart employees are giving up a large portion of their paychecks to obtain health care. Wal-Mart employees who do have health insurance and receive coverage are paying more in premiums but receive less for their money in large corporations this has become a trend.New laws have been passed intended to force large corporations to control employee wages and reduce insurance deductibles. From law suits to employee complaints, Wal-Mart has recently ideal of ways to reduce the cost of health benefits. The new plan would charge monthly premiums ranging from $25 . 00 for individuals to $65. 00 for a family, making that 45-65% less than what employees contributed in the companys existing plan. But it is not enough to reform the reputation Wal-Mart has lost or the vulnerable employees they let down.ConclusionsHigh productivity and lowering costs is one of the top and most important objectives in business. Wal-Mart being the Worlds largest retailer can afford to pay their associates more than what the minimum wage offers. They are in fact, the richest retailer in the world and yet neglect to provide their employees affordable health care with a livable wage. Even if Wal-Mart was to pass 100 percent of the wage increase on to consumers, the average impact on a Wal-Mart shopper would be quite small.Wal-Marts choice of action toward employee wages, health benefits, and bias work environment have not only brought an enormous phantom over its employees lives but also over its own big business reputation. The injustice decisions made through out th e history of Wal-Mart has changed many lives and has forever changed the American economy. In the business world, there is big, and then there is Wal-Mart. Recommendations Based on the conclusions presented above, the following actions are recommended1. Retaining associates already on staff would be more cost affective then high employee turnover.2. Train employees. Give the opportunity to advance and have freedom to associate and organize.3. Our analysis reveals that establishing a higher minimum wage for large retailers like Wal-Mart would have a significant impact on workers living in poverty or near-poverty.4. In order to increase employee satisfaction, reforming the cost of health insurance would help keep Wal-Mart in good terms with their employees.5. If Wal-Mart was to raise their prices by as little as a penny to the dollar it would afford them to pay the higher wages. Higher wages provide the employees opportunity to afford health coverage.6. Implementing fair employment an d labor practices. In other words, practise the Law.