All the Kings Men – 2

The Great Spider Web In the book, â€Å"All The King’s Men† by Robert Penn Warren, the character of Jack Burden gradually evolves into a person with a deeper comprehension of the world around him. Jack grapples with many new concepts, including the concept of whether or not knowledge is power. Jack’s profession involves digging into the past to discover information about others, which often, he will later use to blackmail them. So naturally Jack believes knowledge holds great power.However, as the book carries on, Jack struggles with the idea that his knowledge may have a much deeper effect on society than the original purpose of the information. Throughout this novel Jack demonstrates that knowledge is power, but he eventually realizes that his knowledge can lead to sorrow in the lives of others, which leaves him with the idea that some things may be better left unsaid. During this book Jack exhibits that knowledge is power. One would expect this from Jack Burde n because his job, first and foremost, consists of digging up dirt on other politicians for his boss Willie Stark (the governor of Louisiana).Jack, who narrates this book, comes right out and says, â€Å"The end of man is knowledge†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p. 9), which infuses with his idea that knowledge is power, and can essentially break down a man. Near the end of the book this quote is very significant to Jack in that events occur that prove his opinion is correct, but that he should exercise his wealth of knowledge in a different way. The entire plot of this book is drawn from the moment Willie finds out that a certain Judge Irwin supports a candidate running against his own.Willie pays a little visit to Judge Irwin in an effort to persuade him to retract his statement, but his attempt fails. â€Å"The Boss said, ‘Well Jackie, it looks like you got a job cut out for you. ’ And I said, ‘Callahan? ’ And he said, ‘Nope, Irwin. ’ And I said, â€Å"I don’t reckon you’ll find anything on Irwin. ’ And he said, ‘You find it’†(p. 49). This again suggests the theme that knowledge is power. Willie wants Jack to find dirt on Judge Irwin so he can dangle that threat over Irwin’s head, and have the ability to manipulate him.Having knowledge of Judge Irwin’s wrongdoings gives Willie the power to scare him into doing what he pleases. As the book progresses we meet the friends (and loves) of Jack’s youth. One of his friends, Adam Stanton, practices medicine and is asked by Willie to take the job at the new hospital he will open. Adam at first does not want to take a job, and Jack plans to use information he dug up about Judge Irwin (which connects to Adam’s father) to make force him to take the job. â€Å"‘I can change that picture of the world he carries around in his head’†(p. 48). Even though the information Jack wants to share with Adam could potenti ally shatter Adam’s view of the world, Jack feels he should use the power of his knowledge to make Adam take the job that Adam’s sister, Anne, so desperately wants him to take. All through this book knowledge is portrayed as the root of power, often with Jack as the man who has the knowledge. As the book progresses, Jack comes to realize that knowledge can sometimes create unimaginable sorrow in peoples lives. When Jack was young this was not a concept Jack was able to grasp.Jack’s first journey into the past proves that fact very clearly. Jack researches a scandal that occurred in one of his relatives past as a project when he was in college, but walks away from that piece of work because he simply cannot understand the reasoning behind his great-uncle’s (Cass Mastern) actions. Essentially, in the story of Cass Mastern, Cass has an affair with his friend’s wife, and when his friend learns of this affair he shoots himself. Cass feels largely respon sible for his friend’s death and realizes that the effect of his affair not only killed a man, but also ripped a family apart. Cass Mastern lived for a few years and in that time he learned that the world is all of one piece. He learned that the world is like an enormous spider web and if you touch it, however lightly, at any point, the vibration ripples to the remotest perimeter†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ (p. 188). This is a powerful theme and when Jack finally realizes the significance of this theory, he comes to terms with the fact that sometimes knowledge can bring great sorrow to peoples lives, and not only effect one person, but also many of those connected to them.The spider web theory correlates significantly to Adam and Anne after they learn that the man they have always looked up to was in fact corrupt like most other politicians. Jack experiences this negative ripple effect as well when he reveals to Judge Irwin that he knows his secret. Judge Irwin then kills himself pr ompting a series of ripples. â€Å"A bright, beautiful, silvery soprano scream†¦I went toward her. She dropped the telephone to the floor with a clatter, and pointed her finger at me and cried out, ‘You did it, you did, you killed him†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœYour father, your father and oh! ou, killed him’†(p. 348-49). Because Jack found dirt on Judge Irwin, Irwin killed himself, which caused sorrow for Jack and Jack’s mother because we discover that Judge Irwin was the true love of Jack’s mother, and surprisingly Jack’s real father. Another essential example of when knowledge creating sorrow is when Adam finds out that his sister is having an affair with Willie Stark. When Adam finds out this piece of information, he is driven with anger and decides to eliminate the man defiling his sister. ‘I rushed toward Adam as he fell†¦he was already dead†¦I didn’t see the Boss. And I thought: He didn’t hit him. But I was wrongâ €™â€ (p. 396). Prompted by this one piece of information, two people are dead. After this point there is a notable difference in Jack’s attitude towards revealing information to people. At this point in the book, after two of his dear friends and his own father have died, Jack realizes that some things are better left unsaid. Without his revealing selected information to people, lives could have been spared.Jack still continues to dig up information simply because he has to know. Jacks new target is who was it that called Adam and informed him of his sister’s affair. It did not take long for Jack to find out that the Boss’s punching bag, Tiny Duffy, was the culprit, and he informs Duffy of his knowledge. â€Å"I felt like a million. I had sure-God brought off that scene. I had hit him where he lived†¦I was a hero’†(p. 415). This feeling Jack has after he spoke to Duffy does not last long though, â€Å"†¦when I kicked Duffy around I felt like a million because I thought it let me out†(p. 417).Here is when Jack finally takes responsibility for the consequences of spilling his knowledge onto others, and from this time begins to comprehend when information should be held back. After the Boss dies, Jack and the Boss’s driver/friend, Sugar Boy, are out of a job. Sugar Boy greatly admired Willie and was the one who shot the bullet that found Adam Stanton. Jack and Sugar Boy run into each other at the library, and this is the point when Jack uses restraint and withholds information from Sugar Boy to eliminate further sorrow that would surely occur if he revealed his information about Tiny Duffy. ‘Listen,’ I said, ‘do you know who killed the Boss? ’†¦ ‘Yeah,’ he said, ‘yeah—the son-of-a-bi-bi-bitch and I-I-I shot him. ’†¦ ‘But suppose you don’t know, I said, leaning, ‘suppose there was someday behind Stanton, somebod y who framed him to do it. ’†¦ ‘I’d kill the son-of-a-bitch,’ he said†¦ ‘I was kidding,’ I said†(p. 419-21). Jack finally grasps the fact that sometimes information should be withheld if it will most certainly have a negative consequence. Even a bit earlier Jack starts to realize this fact but will not put it into action until the moment with Sugar Boy at the library.Another instance when Jack’s compassion shines through is when he holds back information from his mother in hopes that she will be happier with the lie. â€Å"‘—did he—was there–’†¦ ‘No’, I said, ‘he wasn’t in any jam. We had a little argument about politics. Nothing serious†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ‘Is that the truth? ’ She demanded. ‘Yes,’ I said. ‘I swear to God it is. ’†¦I had lied to her. Well, I had given that lie to her as a going-away present†(p. 431-32). Jack grasped the concept that sometimes things should be kept to yourself. â€Å"All change costs something†(p. 93). Revealing information that causes a change will cost someone, somewhere. Jack Burden finally comprehends this concept and becomes more cautious in spilling his knowledge about others. Overall, Jack understands that knowledge affords great power, but that it certainly can induce great sorrow. This eventually convinces him that some things are better left unsaid. Jack watches endless people suffer because of knowledge that was dumped on them and it helps him to realize that you must have some thought and restraint in what you say to people.In life, there are instances when knowledge is thrust upon a person and that person will be able to speculate the impact that knowledge will have on other people. Even though some may feel entitled and obligated to share information with others, one must assess the overall situation and practice restraint if the negat ive effects greatly outweigh the positive. Knowledge is a tricky thing, and one must learn its power because otherwise the spider web will constantly be moving with negative ripples leaving a web of grief.

Steps To Reduce Greenhouse Gases Environmental Sciences Essay

1. Fossil fuels have been the primary beginning of energy fuelling the planetary demands of power since long. Dependence on them chiefly stems from the fact that they are easy available, inexpensive and economical in transit every bit good as extraction. Coal, Oil, Natural Gas have all been used since long and even been exported/imported between states keeping a balanced demand and supply. So much so that the usage of fossil fuels has been in trend for such long times that most of our engineering and equipment using them as fuels are designed consequently. The biggest drawback of our dependance on fossil fuels is the release of CO2 into the ambiance thereby taking to planetary heating as besides the fact that it is a non-renewable beginning and will sooner or subsequently exhaust taking to a nothingness. Effectss of Fossil Fuel on Environment Renewable Energy Resources 3. In contrary to fossil fuels, renewable energies are reversible in nature and can invariably be replenished without the fright of being drained out of our environment. Wind, Solar, Hydro & A ; such like signifiers of renewable energy will maintain on supplying electricity without any idea of them being blown off from our planet. Such energies which can travel on to maintain bring forthing electricity without cut downing beginning energy itself are renewable energy. Wind Energy 4. Wind engineering has become really dependable, runing with handinesss of more than 98 % and holding a design life of 20 old ages or more. Furthermore, as the costs of air current turbines have steadily declined, proficient dependability has increased. The factors that presently limit wind energy ‘s market incursion include variableness, public credence and grid dependability. However, recent developments in electricity market reform, which promote better grid integrating and improved direction of natural rhythms of renewables, decrease the technological barriers that have constrained market incursion. In the country of air current energy, continued R & A ; D is indispensable to supply the necessary decreases in cost and uncertainness to gain the awaited degree of deployment. Other R & A ; D precedences include increasing the value of calculating power public presentation, cut downing uncertainnesss related to technology unity, betterment and proof of criterions, cut downing the cost of storage techniques, enabling large-scale usage, and understating environmental impacts. Further enlargement of air current power will advance important decreases in nursery gases. With farther deployment support, wind power may go by and large competitory with conventional engineerings by 2015-20 and off-shore air current will probably go competitory to a grade after that. Solar 5. Solar energy is already being widely used in certain states, whether it be for hot H2O production, warming, illuming and other power demands. The photovoltaic ( PV ) market has grown extensively since 1992. R & A ; D attempts, together with market deployment policies, have efficaciously produced impressive cost decreases nevertheless market deployment is concentrated with Japan, Germany and the United States accounting for over 85 % of entire installed capacity. However, PV still has a batch of range for R & A ; D with focal point on bettering the balance-of-system constituents for both grid connected and stand-alone applications. Even with these supports, PV is non expected to be by and large competitory until after 2020 – although it will go on to vie good in a turning scope of market niches in which the cost of deployment supports is moderate. Hydro 6. One of the biggest advantages of a hydroelectric composite is that the undertaking produces no direct waste, and has a well lower end product degree of the nursery gas, C dioxide ( CO2 ) , than fossil fuel powered energy workss. Worldwide, an installed capacity of 777 GWe supplied 2998 TWh of hydroelectricity in 2006 which was about 20 % of the universe ‘s electricity, and accounted for about 88 % of electricity from renewable beginnings. It is an highly flexible engineering from the position of power grid operation supplying one of the lowest cost options in today ‘s energy market, chiefly because most workss were built many old ages ago and their installation costs have been to the full amortised. Once the high up-front capital costs are written off, workss can supply power at even lower cost degrees, as such systems normally operate without major replacing costs for 50 old ages or more. The ground why globally merely approximately 5 % of the hydropower potency have been exploited through little graduated table sites is due to entree to transmittal systems, environmental and societal concerns. Biomass 7. Biomass stuffs have been used since millenary for run intoing countless human needs including energy with its chief beginnings being trees, harvests and carnal waste. Until the center of 19th century, biomass dominated the planetary energy supply with 70 % part. Soon, the biomass beginnings contribute 14 % of planetary energy and 38 % of energy in developing states. Globally, the energy content of biomass residues in agribusiness based industries yearly is estimated at 56 exajoules, about a one-fourth of planetary primary energy usage of 230 exajoules. Biomass burning for heat and power is a to the full mature engineering offering both an economic fuel option and a ready disposal mechanism of municipal, agricultural and industrial organic wastes. 8. However, the industry has remained comparatively dead over the last decennary, even though demand for biomass ( largely wood ) continues to turn in many developing states. One of the jobs of biomass is that stuff straight combusted in cook ranges produces pollutants, taking to terrible wellness and environmental effects, although improved cook range programmes are relieving some of these effects. A 2nd issue is that firing biomass emits CO2, even though biomass burning is by and large considered to be â€Å" carbon-neutral † because C is absorbed by works stuff during its growing, therefore making a C rhythm. First-generation biomass engineerings can be economically competitory, but may still necessitate deployment support to get the better of public credence and small-scale issues. Biofuels 9. Biofuels are a broad scope of fuels which are in some manner derived from biomass and screens solid biomass, liquid fuels and assorted biogases. They are deriving increased public and scientific attending, driven by factors such as oil monetary value spikes, the demand for increased energy security, and concern over nursery gas emanations from fossil fuels. Bioethanol is an intoxicant made by fermenting the sugar constituents of works stuffs and is made largely from sugar and amylum harvests. Biofuels provided 1.8 % of the universe ‘s conveyance fuel in 2008 while investing into its production capacity exceeded $ 4 billion worldwide in 2007 and is growing.More modern signifiers of bio energy include biomass-based power and heat coevals, co-firing, bio fuels for conveyance and short rotary motion harvests for energy feedstock. These are more advanced and each has its ain alone benefits. 10. Biomass is attractive for usage either as a stand-alone fuel or in fuel blends, such as co-firing wood with coal, or blending ethyl alcohol or biodiesel with conventional petroleum-based fuels. Anaerobic digestion has strong potency in states with ample resources. Electricity generated from biomass is based on steam turbine engineering. Many parts of the universe still have big untapped supplies of biomass residues, which could be converted into competitively priced electricity utilizing steam turbine power workss. Co-firing is a low-priced and low-risk manner of adding biomass capacity. Co-firing systems that use low-priced biomass supply can hold payback periods every bit abruptly as two old ages. 11. In add-on, biomass can replace up to 15 % of the entire energy input in a power works, frequently with few alterations other than the burner and feed consumption systems. Co-firing is of peculiar involvement in developing states, because it improves the economic and ecological quality of many older, coal fired power workss. Bio fuels from agricultural biomass production are another well-developed transition engineering. Biomass grown every bit dedicated energy harvests can supply new economic chances for husbandmans and forest proprietors. The primary barriers to increased usage of biomass on a larger graduated table are the cost of systems required for dedicated feedstock production, harvest home, and transit, every bit good as the fuel transition engineerings. With farther R & A ; D and deployment support in 2020-30, these engineerings could accomplish commercialization. Geothermal 12. Geothermal energy is a clean and sustainable energy that comes from resources runing from shallow land to hot H2O and hot stone found a few stat mis beneath the Earth ‘s surface, and down even deeper to the highly high temperatures of molten stone called magma. Geothermal heat pumps can tap into this resource to heat and cool edifices. These power workss are capable of runing 24Ãâ€"7 and globally there is a possible for bring forthing about 85 GW of power over the following 30 old ages. However, the restriction to tapping this resource is the handiness which is limited to merely few countries of the universe, the largest being the United States, Central America, Indonesia, East Africa and the Philippines. Challenges to spread outing geothermic energy include really long undertaking development times, and the hazard and cost of explorative boring. Action Plan to Reduce Dependence on Fossil Fuel 13. Solar Energy. This beginning is seen to hold the highest potency for the hereafter amongst assorted renewable energy beginnings. Some steps for working this rich resource are: – ( a ) Make solar warmers compulsory, through edifice byelaws and incorporation in the National Building Code. ( B ) Ensure the debut of effectual mechanisms for enfranchisement and evaluation of makers of solar thermal applications ( degree Celsius ) Facilitate measuring and publicity of these single devices through local bureaus and power public-service corporations. ( vitamin D ) Support the upgrading of engineerings and fabrication capacities through soft loans, to accomplish higher efficiencies and farther cost decrease. ( vitamin E ) Make installing of solar panels on the roofs of new edifices compulsory to obtain portion of the power demands through it. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Set up autochthonal fabrication capacity. ( g ) Promote off-grid applications so that power coevals is at the ingestion point itself and therefore does away with land and environment related concerns. 14. Wind. Although all sectors of renewable energy are being developed, weave power programme has been the fastest growth. The undermentioned enterprises will help in to the full working the air current potency: – ( a ) Projects under the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) supply a farther inducement to weave energy development. ( B ) A consistent national renewable energy policy to to the full recognize the air current energy potency. ( degree Celsius ) Though Renewable Portfolio Standard ( RPS ) and FiT ( Feed in Tariffs ) can co-exist in theory, they need to be good managed to avoid inefficiencies. ( vitamin D ) Set up air current farms at off shore locations and along the seashore line. ( vitamin E ) Promote R & A ; D in this field with investings from developed states to help companies like Suzlon who are already planetary leaders. 15. Hydroelectricity. Harnessing H2O as a resource to bring forth power has been employed globally and a reasonably high grade of success has been achieved, nevertheless the undermentioned enterprises will impart farther impulse to the attempts: – ( a ) Undertake little micro hydel undertakings for rural electrification tapping into minor H2O resources at distant topographic points. ( B ) Streamline clearance processs, to include understating the clip rhythm for countenances of undertakings with particular accent on hastening environmental clearances, as besides on rehabilitation and relocation issues. ( vitamin D ) Though the populace sector has played a major and about sole function in developing hydropower in private owned independent power manufacturer ( IPP ) manner is still to catch on. The chief intent should be to bring forth assurance in prospective entrepreneurs/developers and offer footings and conditions, which will be attractive and cover undue hazards, without endangering consumer involvements. 16. However, on the whole to make maximal possible and hike the necessary investing in renewable energy, it is indispensable to present clear, stable and long-run support policies, carefully designed to guarantee that they operate in harmoniousness with bing apparatus.

Gender Biologically Determined Essay

Drawing upon ethnographic examples from 2-3 societies. Gender being ‘biologically determined’ means that whether gender is inherited or passed down by genetics. If a person is a man or woman, (which is usually called ‘The Sex’), that is biologically determined because they inherit the chromosomes to be born a man, or to be born as a woman. In the early 1970’s sex was described by â€Å"biology as: anatomy, hormones, and physiology† (West and Zimmerman 1987). Apart from gender being a biological factor, there are other things which are not biologically determined; â€Å"Gender was an achieved status, which was constructed through psychological, cultural and social means† (West and Zimmerman1987). Hence the answer to the question â€Å"is gender biologically determined?†Is no, Gender is a socially constructed phenomenon. Gender refers to a set of roles people perform in their communities, which are their values and attitudes that people have toward man and woman (Bonvillain 2006). In this essay, the topics which would be discussed to support this argument are Gender Identity with examples of how men and women are expected to act, walk, talk and dress in a certain manner which is suitable in their society, Gender and Sexuality with the examples of culturally in-built norms of sexual behaviour, along with existing issues surrounding sexuality, and finally Gender and Status with an example of male dominance in Traditional Chinese society. Gender identity is defined in terms of how people (i.e. men and women) are supposed to behave in the social category. Their attitudes and the way the dress, talk and carry themselves in the public are encoded â€Å"in a set of cultural assumptions† which are based on the culture’s values and roles and people are expected to learn these as they are a part of that society (Bonvillain 2006). Each culture has certain ‘norms’ for gender and these ‘norms’ vary from culture to culture, most of these norms have a universal common pattern and people seem to dwell on these social constructs as they make a living based on these ideologies. â€Å"Cultural constructs are models of behaviour and attitudes that a particular culture transmits to its members. These constructs are shared beliefs and values that become taken for granted guiding principles† (Bonvillain 2006). There are so many ways that these socially constructed behaviours are exhibited in different communities, the messages about how each man and woman should act depends upon several factors such as language and religious beliefs. Men and Women were distinguished based on their clothing, what they were allowed to wear as a man and woman, hence publically signalling their genders, men wore pants and had other bodily arts such as tattoos while woman adorned dresses, jewellery and make up. This made up the very basic structure of Gender Identity. Apart from, the basic examples of gender identity, there are several other cases where women and men have unequal identities, one such case is the, Identity inequality of men and woman in family farms. In today’s world, Gender revolves around being the fact that women are less recognised than men, and are subjected to work which are in the shadows of confinement. That being the generalised factor, the study of the ‘European family farm’ only made this issue recognizable to the world. Farms were considered to be the dominant agricultural production in the capitalist countries (Brandth 2002). The study used theories of gender role and identity, explaini ng the issue in the form of discourses. In the 1990’s questions were being raised towards identity of women and men in the rural farms, these questions eventually shifted towards feminism (Brandth 2002). â€Å"Discourses are forms of power. They constitute minds, bodies, identities of individuals as parts of wider networks of power relations† (Brandth 2002). It was used in the context of giving out a meaning towards the differences of men and women, there were three discourses formulated by Hirschman, called as the exit, voice and loyalty. Women, who didn’t want to be subjected to unequal status left the system, some used their voice to protest against it, while others simply were loyal and confined themselves to the household activities. The law stated that the ‘family farm’ should be passed on from father to son, since women were considered weak and have no access and knowledge of property and agriculture. Women only came into this, only by marriage. Hence, the male leads the family into it, he allocates what job has to be done, and he participates in forums decisions, and doing so he becomes publically recognised. Since women are adaptable and flexible, their tasks are confined to household chores, and these tasks are unpaid and not recognised as productive output from them. On the other hand, men’s identities were tied to their ownership of the farms, their occupation and the productive outcome which give them status and economic income. â€Å"Real work was equated with physical tasks and women’s self image is based on the absence of such qualities† (Brandth 2002). In recent days, with the improvement of farming technologies, the female work, such as milking cows, and so on are now being done by these improvised machines, making women less efficient and thus making farming a whole masculine activity (Brandth 2002). Hence with this example it is clearly pointed out that the social construct differentiates an d distinguishes men and women. Apart from gender being differentiated by a social construct, there are factors which raised questions and studies in the society, one of such being gender and its relation to sexuality. There is always a taboo when it comes to sex, and it seems to be a common pattern in the world. Even though, we have sexual feelings and we practice them as it being a part of nature, it is also deeply influenced by culture (Bonvillain 2006). Culture teaches people what is the right thing to do, in what way, when, where and so on. There are a lot of examples where culture intervenes and states the ‘norms’ under which the people in that society or community should behave sexually. For example, sexual relationship between members of a nuclear family or distant relations is prohibited in most cultures. There are other countries which have the legal age of having sex, which are usually the Americans and Europeans, where the legal age is 16, so if a person indulges in a sexual relationship wi th a person who is below 16 it is considered against the law and will be filed for statutory rape (Bonvillain 2006). Other regions such as India, sex before marriage is considered as sin based on the cultural beliefs, whereas in American society it is inappropriate to have sex if you’re not husband or wife (Bonvillain 2006). While in some countries where sex could be considered as normal, other societies, like Islamic countries for example, any adultery committed by a male or by a female is severely punished, or most commonly stoned to death (Bonvillain 2006). But this isn’t the only issue considering sexuality, the most recent yet shocking development, is homosexuality between men and woman. â€Å"Homosexuality was considered to be a violation of the natural law† (Bonvillain 2006). People were only meant to engage in heterosexual activity (between man and woman) to reproduce. During the 1980’s indulging in homosexual activity was considered in crime, people were imprisoned when caught doing so. But in 2003 some parts of the United States, suspended the law, and made hom osexuality legal, soon European countries such as Canada, Belgium, and Netherlands passed an act which approved of homosexual weddings (Bonvillain 2006). If one digs deeper into this issue, where these debatable, one can find that it roots back from religions. Most religion disapprove of homosexuality but in religions such as Hindu, for sexuality, scriptures of homosexual activity only stated that it was normal and natural, to be attracted to the same sex (Bonvillain 2006). But in today’s society the main issue is regarding the issue of males being attracted to each other, an example of this issue is ‘Homophobia of men’. Homosexuality is considered to be a cultural construct, which apart from the ‘lesbian identities’ gave rise to the ‘gay identities’ (Herek 1986). It is common for normal men, to avoid influencing with homosexual men, as they fear what the public might think of them being judged as not ‘masculine’, where as its more normal for woman to associate with lesbians or homosexual women, as they are not being judged by the rest of the females (Herek 1986). Studies showed, that the social construction of gay identities meant that there was something psychologically wrong with that person, it was never attributed to the fact that homosexuality is more of a social construct than something being wrong with the individuals mental state (Herek 1986). Gay men are more scared to come out, or feel comfortable about their sexuality in the public than gay woman. The reason for this is because, men look for other men’s approval to gain the status of being ‘a man’ (Kimmel). â€Å"We are under the constant careful scrutiny of other men. Other men watch us, rank us, and grant our acceptance into the realm of manhood. Manhood is demonstrated of other men’s approval. It is other men who evaluate the performance† (Kimmel). As mentioned earlier, men look for other men’s approval, and because of this gay men are subjected to stigma and discrimination (Herek 1986). As a result, they develop ‘defensiveness,’ an unconscious defence mechanism (defined in psychodynamic terms). This helps them avoid or repress their homosexual tendencies (Kimmel). To summarise, gender is not biologically determined because people have the free will to choose their sexuality (i.e. they are not born being homosexuals, it is clearly a social construct). Gender roles, is defined as a set of rules or rather guidelines towards the behaviour of men and woman. The rights and duties, attitudes and behaviours of men and women constitutes of how they are culturally associated with gender (Bonvillain 2006). The works of men and women are separate, as in, men carry on doing work which they are culturally supposed to be doing and women do their work, based on what the norms of cultures tell them to do. When these two norms interact with each other, they reflect a lot of differences and changes in status, prestige and power of men and woman this is called as ‘gender relations’ (Bonvillain 2006). It is obvious that men are thought to be more superior to women as they are more power driven and physically stronger than woman. While, men get more prestigious and leadership jobs, woman are confined to their homely duties of being a house-wife or in other words a care- giver (Bonvillain 2006). This brings about the inequality of men and woman. There tasks which categorize what woman are capable of doing such as, caring for children and their husbands, cooking food, making clothes and other homely chores, while men on the other hand do more physical and dangerous tasks such as, hunting animals, conducting warfare etc, this is called division of labour (Bonvillain 2006). Gender and status are the most recent conflict and the most studied topic in today’s society. Gender equality, happens when both the male and female agree to equal rights and behaviours. Gender inequality happens when the male and female do not agree to equal rights, attitudes and behaviour (Bonvillain 2006). An example of this, is male dominance in china, the male adult, was the head of the family and they expressed their dominance over their children and wives. Traditional Chinese cultures had more Patriarchal gender relations (Bonvillain 2006). In conclusion, the question â€Å"is gender biologically determined?† is incorrect, even though gender has a biological definition, gender is mostly socially defined in this context. The tasks or norms which each gender (i.e. male and female) is supposed to perform in the society, is based on a social construct. They are not born to be who there are, instead these social constructions are in-built within them since childhood. Since they taught to act and behave in a specific way which is culturally approved. They choose to be what sexuality appeals to them and what each individualistic gender they are taught to be. Hence ‘Gender’ is strongly driven by culture. REFERENCES: West,C and Zimmerman, Don. 1987. Doing Gender. Sociologists for Women in Society 1(2): 125-155 Herek, Gregory. 1986.on Heterosexual Masculinity. American Behavioural Scientist 29(5): 563-577 Brandth, Berit. 2002. Gender Identity in European Family Farming: A Literature Review. European Society for Rural Sociology 42(3): 181-200 Kimmel, Michael. Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, Shame and Silence in the Constructions of Gender Identity. Bonvillain, Nancy. 2006. Chapter 10, â€Å"Gender† from Cultural Anthropology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Pp. 251-282. ISBN: 0-13-045545-8

Reflective Journal Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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EXAM # 2 - Dunkin Brands Group, Inc. (DNKN) Research Paper

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Stress & Its Relation to Heart Diseases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Stress & Its Relation to Heart Diseases - Essay Example The paper tells that depending on the nature of the work of an individual, stress due to work may be acute or chronic. Over the years, if chronic stress is allowed to eventually damage a person’s health, it will lead to metabolic syndrome or a combination of medical disorders which may include cardiovascular disorders. This will then develop into coronary heart disease. Low control over decisions regarding the work of people with high stress activities will facilitate health deterioration including the deterioration of arteries and other parts of the heart. Thus, the employers should take precautionary measures for these groups of people who have high work demand and low control over decisions about their work. Perhaps there can be rotation of duties and responsibilities to allow for workers to recover from too much stress while a less affected group substitutes for the purpose of training themselves to become more resilient to higher stress or more stress factors. Rewards sho uld compensate for more difficult jobs. Too much work stress over an extended time can result in damages to the cardiovascular system. But this is also true for the absence of jobs for people who need jobs. Stress can be in the form of job insecurity. It can also be chronic if a person experiences prolonged joblessness and experiences of failing to secure the job they can work on. It can cause depression. With depression comes the common response of the body to develop weak immune system, high blood pressures, frequent irritability, sleepless nights, sour relationships, and other unfavourable response.

Spam (Computing) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Spam (Computing) - Essay Example Proponents of permission-based emails argue that the receiver can simply hit the delete button or use an opt-out option listed in the electronic advertisement if they do not want to view the email. (Godin, 1999, pg. 43). Opponents charge anything that arrives in the inbox that the recipient didn’t request is spam and that just because a purchase is made doesn’t give that company the right to inundate them with junk mail. The debate is joined whether this tactic serves to generate trade or to drive potential customers away. Spam is considered not only intrusive but is generally viewed as a scheme of some kind. Those that don’t differentiate between the two are driven away from these emails thus questioning their effectiveness. The question then becomes are permission based emails an unwanted and ineffective or a necessary and reasonable method of advertising? Argument Spammers have long attempted to justify their intrusive form of advertising. So-called permission -based marketing is just another example of spam. According to their logic, if a person forgets to check a button at the end of an online order form requesting no further correspondence, this constitutes permission. If a lawn care or maintenance man had access to your property does that give implied permission to sell you Viagra? When a service or product is purchased on the Internet, does this give implied permission for the company to suggest sell on a daily basis via your email account? If a consumer is required to type in an email address to visit the site or bought a related product from another company that, in turn, sold their email lists, this is all considered permission to inundate an email box with spam. An opt-in list can be purchased, on the Internet, of course, thus making even a respectable company’s permission list suspect. Many companies, including utility and service companies assume that an individual has granted spam permission if they have used a product or service of that company. These emails typically announce that this email is not spam; you have opted to receive this information. It goes on to espouse the company’s spam policy and that it’s policy prohibits spam of any kind. There seems to be a perception chasm between marketers and the consumer. (Dean, 2003). If the old adage ‘time is money’ is correct, then stolen time is stolen money. The theft of a few seconds will not cause a person to lose their livelihood but that is similar to saying stealing one item from a chain store won’t bankrupt the company. Wrong on a small scale is still wrong. Spammers may argue that junk mail does not have the same effect as stealing because there is an opt-out option choice on the email, but the time spent reading, following the link and then the steps necessary to stop the spam is time lost. Multiply that 30 seconds of effort by 100’s of spam emails and that is significant money stolen from an individ ual and/or their employer. (Rhode, 2003). Adopting Opt-in anti-spam email rules worldwide would limit spam messages, perceived or otherwise, as the consumer would have to make a deliberate choice to receive company generated email. The Opt-out option addresses the spam issue only after the unwanted message was sent. The loss of time and irritation to

Discussion borad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion borad - Essay Example It is also done to know if a certain independent variable creates negative or positive impact to the dependent variable. For example, does empowering women increase prejudice against men? The dependent variable, in this case, is the prejudice while empowering women is the independent variable. To get to a clear conclusion about the said question, the level of prejudice must be measured and be known through one of the components, pretesting and post-testing. The process will help to determine whether empowering women increases prejudice in men. To dispute or agree with the question that empowering women has increased prejudice in men, the subject has to be divided into two different parts mainly, experimental section where the stimulus is administered (empower the women) and the section that does not receive the stimulus. Both sections may not have increased prejudice, but if only a few people who do not see the essence of empowering the women agree with the said question, then it means that empowering women do not increase prejudice against men. It is not right to argue that empowering or giving power to women will hurt power of men (Mosedale p

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

International Business - Essay Example Many governments are developing national policies, which aims at attracting and facilitating foreign investment. Policy framework is an instrumental element to global investment and trade. However, governments are not adapting a blanket approach to this factor, but reinforcing regulatory policies on foreign trade with a view of accommodating industries policies that favor competitive business practices. The strategies developed at the national level should not only favor international investment, but also protect national business. Largely, the economic policies should focus on the individual needs. At the same time, present investment trends favor regional trade as opposed to the bilateral trade. Arguably, the bargain by regional blocks roots for common economic policies as opposed to the bilateral agreements that tend to favor individual countries. The developing countries are leading in foreign direct investment. This trend seems to suggest that new business openings are more in t he developing countries because of untapped business opportunities. It is apparent from the World Investment Report 2013 that global value chain has an impact on international and foreign direct investment. ... The developed and the developing countries tend to project varied investment trends in the global economy (World Economic Forum 2013). Specifically, countries such as Japan and United States have significant internal value chains and tend to rely less on the global value chains. China, Germany, and United Kingdom significantly depend on foreign trade. The foreign exports in these three countries contribute immense to their economy. A considerable population of these countries derive their income or wage from industries whose primary concerns is to manufacture goods or products for export. Elsewhere, the composition of exports and positions in global value chains depend on natural resources of various found in these countries. For instance, China is hub for manufacturing of nearly all the electronic products. Favoring factors influencing investment in this country is the cheap labor and availability of raw materials. Since the quantity manufactured supersedes the quantity demanded nat ionally, hence the quantity sent to the global market (Ma, Van Assche and Hong 2009 pp 655). Largely, favoring conditions for investment tend to give leeway for various investors to concentrate of investment for export purposes. Another factor that seems to explain the observable trend in the global market and the impact of global vale added chain is the concept of economic structure and export model (Gereffi, Humphrey and Sturgeon 2005 pp78). Players in the global trade seem inject varied input depending on favoring factors. For example, countries such as Singapore, China, and Netherlands derive significant amount of foreign benefit from the entreport trade. A review of Chinese economy for instance, shows that its economy derive considerable amount of foreign

Critically consider the impact of implementing the new statutory Essay

Critically consider the impact of implementing the new statutory guidence for the new early years foundation stage 2012 across the early years sector - Essay Example It also involves having enabling environment where the experiences and opportunities are tailored to meet the individual needs of the child and lastly the learning and development which must appreciate that a child learns in different ways and rates (Standards & Testing Agency 2014, p.4). The Early Years Foundation Stage Framework avails to professionals a set of common principles and commitments aimed at delivering early education to children in a quality manner and gives childcare experiences that are expected of all children. The framework majorly gives confidence to the parent that whichever place they choose for the early education of their children they are assured that the same principles and commitments provided by the British law shall apply to the experiences of their children in terms of learning and development. The EYFS 2012 emphasizes the need for professionals to spend enough time in interacting with the children in order to promote skills that may help the child be creative think critically and know how to communicate and develop language at an early stage (Soni and Bristow 2013, p.41). It also encourages the parents to e more involved in the development of the child and to give insights on how they can support the development at their respective home s as well as the early identification of the needs of the child that may require special attention or the involvement of healthcare providers. It also aims at equipping professionals with the knowledge of how they can share the progress of children between the ages of two and three and how to refocus the learning and development of children still at the early foundation stages. The aforementioned are assessed through the important areas of learning that address learning and they include personal, emotional and social development as well as the specifics when it comes to the literacy, mathematics, design and expressive arts and understanding of the world. The EYFS

What Are Gmos Essay Example for Free

What Are Gmos Essay A GMO is a genetically modified organism that has been altered by man through the process of engineering. It is a technology set out to alter the genetic structure of a life form such as plants and animals, in effort to produce a more desired end product of the organism altered. As an example, a tomato was altered with a new gene so that it would look ripe for a longer period of time. It was called the â€Å"Flavr Savr Tomato† (Sereana Howard Dresbach) The purpose was so that tomatoes could be shipped from almost anywhere in the country, and still have that fresh ripe look to the consumers; once placed on the shelves in stores. GMO’s are also used to alter the nutrients of a living organism, meaning you could take a fruit tree or vegetable plant and alter it to have additional nutrients that the organism would not originally contain. A test was conducted with a product termed â€Å"Golden Rice,† which was altered to contain a greater density of beta carotene, a source of vitamin A and iron. (Sereana Howard Dresbach) The effort was to create this food for third world counties who lack this nutrient; thus help to reduce the many disease that are linked to the lack of vitamin A and iron; such as anemia and blindness. Though the effort and research of genetically modified organisms seem to have a positive outlook, there are many people and organizations that are skeptical, concerned, and in total disagreement with this technology; due to the unknown heath risks and attempt to alter Mother Nature. Because this is fairly new, and the research conducted so far has not completely proved out the safety and soundness of GMO’s to its entirety, there are many questions that need answers; and facts needed to prove this technology as fully credible in my view. It s safety and use for all ages is a question we must ask ourselves as a society, and we must openly challenge the government to make sure that there is a sane and moral infrastructure that will protect our the general public against the unknown risks and dangers this technology could create. In my opinion, I see this effort as a method of cloning and have great concerns against the practice of modifying nature and its authenticity. I strongly believe that the earth was created with everything we need to live and survive, and that there are natural and organic means of getting the ame results that creating genetically modified organisms would. Although the FDA approves this technology, I feel that we as humans are being used as test rats; since the FDA does not have to list whether ingredients in foods are genetically modified. This technology in my opinion exposes too many risks and unknowns to our world, and draws a thin line with me when it comes to our standards of morality. In conclusion, I see this as unsafe too all.

Exclusionary Rule Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Exclusionary Rule Evaluation Essay The Exclusionary Rule was designed to exclude evidence obtained in violation of a criminal defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights. The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable search and seizures by law enforcement personnel. If the search of a criminal suspect is searched unreasonable, the evidence obtained in the search will be excluded from trial. The Exclusionary Rule is a court made rule it is not in any of the statutes, it was not created by the Legislative bodies but rather by the United States Supreme Court. The Exclusionary Rule applies to the federal courts by virtue of the Fourth Amendment. Police misconduct plays a key role the rule and if there wasn’t misconduct within our police department the Exclusionary Rule would not exist today. The Fourth Amendment and the Exclusionary Rule go hand in hand; the 4th Amendment protects us from unreasonable (illegal) search and seizures and if there is evidence steaming from a violation of the 4th Amendment then that evidence ikest thrown completely out of the trial. The rule mostly is there tas the enforcer on the government, the Exclusionary Rule was introduced by the Supreme Court in 1914 from the case Weeks v. United States. I think that the rule does not need to be abolished because the government should be held accountable for their actions; even though the government is a system divided. I think that we the people are held accountable in the court of law then it is only right they are too. Have you ever taken a leap in good faith? Well, the Exclusionary Rule has a good faith exception And it provides that when an honest mistake is made during the course of a search and seizure any subsequently obtained evidence will be considered admissible. (Worrall, 2012) I think some things could be updated not only in the criminal justice system but the Constitution and statutes. The judges are given absolute immunity protecting them from any of their decisions and the prosecutors are given qualified ammunity References www.findlaw.com www.studymode.com Criminal Procedure John Worrall, (2012)

The Final Strategic Direction For The Company Mcdonalds Marketing Essay

The Final Strategic Direction For The Company Mcdonalds Marketing Essay The concept of strategic positioning was considered to be a part of marketing terminology which is capable to explain the other marketing tools configuration such as price, product, place and promotion. It is generally exploited to explain the position of the organization in the market in a particular segment. This will help to improve the shares in the market, dominance, improve the profits by efficient use of factors such as cost, location, service in order to increase the ROI. Many organizations may gain particular position in any one of the 4 Ps and gaining in all is very complex and difficult as is generally aimed to attract the consumers. The strategic position is a complicated concept which require more complex commerce functioning which may generally increase the overheads to a company. For the effective planning of a strategic positioning in an organization more efficient and sophisticated tools and techniques and information are required. This concept is practiced when the organization tend to spread in to various other segments of the souk from the existing segment.(Middleton, J. (2003). The strategic positioning can be based on the insight of consumers which will determine the nature and requirement of the clients. This will assist the management for a better decision making in the form of marketing planning, strategic marketing and development of novel products. An in-depth analysis is required for a better interaction of the brand with the consumers. This will help to estimate the perceptions, attitudes, values, beliefs and trends of the current market. Jim Downey October 2007, the strategic positioning of an organization is carried to plan for the future of the organization that may include various steps such as: Concept of future obligation of the organization Collection of the information which is a multifold task such as internal and external data of the company along with the estimation and assessment of the rivals company and its indifferent services and products. Critical analysis of various factors of the organization Strategy determination either by continuing the originally practiced strategy or by altering as per the study and requirement. Finally implementation of the strategy in order to accomplish the objectives and mission of the organization. Concept and definition of Strategic Positioning: Thomas A. McLaughlin has explained the concept of strategic positioning as the position aspired by the organization. The concept is achieved by entertaining certain step by step procedure such as crafting the mission of the organization or reiterate the previous mission the organizational and souk examination screening of the internal optimistic conditions making over the position of the company in next few years the premeditated arrangements of the organization has to be amalgamated achievement plan has to be exercised accordingly The author describes that the concept of strategic planning has eventually transformed into the concept of strategic positioning. The following is considered to be various factors which are involved to achieve a Strategic Positioning of any organization. Figure no. 1: Factors of Strategic Positioning in the organization Ref: Thomas A. McLaughlin, Strategic Positioning Mind Your Strengths, Focus on the Future From the above figure, it is evident that the implementation of the concept of strategic positioning in any organization is possible through proper amalgamation of the factors such as: Vision Mission Resources Strategic planning Structure of the organization The vision, mission, objectives and values are characterized by every organization to improve its efficiency. This is shown in order in the following figure: Figure no. 2: Vision, Mission, statement of organizations Ref: Ref: http://www.foursightconsulting.com/ideas/tools/Quick%20Refernce%20-%20Creating%20Vision,%20Mission%20and%20Value%20Statements.pdf Vision: the basic aspect of Vision is to grant an outlook image of the organization in advance. This is carried on a visualization otherwise a delusion. These may include the following factors like: Enlarge the probable fore look It is ashored in actual circumstances necessitates audacity derived from resonant principles and morals Mission: every business live with a reason. The term Mission sums up to a declaration by recognizing the basis on which an organization exists along with its purpose or upcoming goals. These declarations recognize the companys community and deal with its situation about philosophy, morals, and values of application. Strategic Planning: Strategic planning helps to determine the fact that where the company at present and what are its targets and is considered as a bit higher than marketing. All the aspects like H.R, economics, I.T, procedures, appointing, back-up tactics, framework, user interface, work place outline and the variables which influence the venture along with its efficiency, can be persuaded through this. It helps the authorities get a clear vision of where the development is, what can be its long-term goals and be responsible for its future resolutions. Worrell, L. (1998) Tools and techniques of strategic analysis: 4.1) Strategic Analysis: (Juce- Vicius, 1998) The concept of strategic analysis is defined as a method for carrying analysis on the ecology of the business under which various functions of the organization are conducted and plan for the strategies. The strategic analysis of an organization is accomplished to concentrate on various functions of the organization such as: Studying the requirement of the clients To thoroughly study the market To study the threats and competitors products and strategies Various tools and techniques are involved to determine the environment of the company through the following tools and techniques such as: 4.2) SWOT analysis: according to Craig Fleisher and Babette Bensoussan (Prentice Hall, 2002) the term SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. This is considered as the basic tool in the strategy planning which help to scan the environment, to identify the external factors of the organization which can be overcome by proper planning. It helps to recognize the weak points and strengths i.e., internal factors of the organization. All these are planned strategically to achieve its future goals. This can be carried out as an element of strategic planning or as an independent aspect in the organization. This can be explained through the following figure: Figure No. : SWOT Analysis Ref: http://munazza1905.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/figure-4-question-which-i-can-ask-my-self-for-doing-swot-analysis-for-doing-my-own-personal-development-plan.jpg 4.3) PEST analysis: according to Jim Downey October 2007, the PEST analysis is similar to the SWOT analysis. This generally comprises issue of Political; Economical, Social and Technological aspects which are comprise all the external factors. Clear study is carried out to identify these factors and strategic plans are made. The following figure will explain the PEST analysis for an organization: Figure no. : PEST Analysis Ref: http://www.learnmarketing.net/pestmarketing.jpg Goal grids: this type of tool helps to recognize its future goals and act upon it accordingly in a strategic approach. 4.5) Supply chain analysis: according to P. Mohan Chandra, the general supply chain management includes various aspects like stock managing, logistics management and acquisition and supplying or circulation. The following are considered to be other form of tools that also may help in studying the environment of the company: Porters five forces analysis: Michel E. Porter has developed this technique in the year 1979 which is a very aggressive method for estimating and appraising the viable strengths and the current position of the company in the market. This evaluation and estimation is possible for any company by assessing the 5 forces that explains the present situation and amount of antagonism of the commerce in the market. This concept will help to determine the power situating points in the organization. Hence this is a two fold estimation of current position of the company and helps in the strategical planning for the position to reach in the future. As it helps to assess the strength points of the company and souk, this may facilitate to overcome the weak points and drawbacks. Power of the dealer: this force will help to assess the features of various dealers and their strengths and weaknesses such as the quantity of dealers for every input, estimation of the service or product of dealers exceptionality, strong points and size of the dealer, the relative change in the price for changing from the current dealer to the other. Power of the Buyer: this force is employed to estimate the cost reduction for the buyers by employing the following factors such as the current market situation with figure of consumers, estimating the significance of the individual consumers of the company, the change in price for changing from one buyer to the other. Aggressive competition: this force is generally employed to estimate the aptitude and number of the opponents of the current souk along with analyzing the services and products of these competitors. Threat due to replacement products: the products which are a near replacement of an existing product may involve excessive risk and clients may prefer the product with lesser cost which may reduce the competitiveness of the company and power of the company in the souk. Threat due to fresh contestant: this force will be able to study the new entrants in to the souk who may in turn reduce the profitability of the preexisting company. This can be represented through the following figure: Figure no. : Porters Five Force Model Ref: http://itstrategyblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/porters-five-forces.JPG 4.6) Value Chain Analysis: (Sigitas VaitkeviÄ ius, Gediminas Merkys, Asta SavaneviÄ ienÄ-, 2006) the concept of value chain analysis has been devised in the organizations to estimate the value produced by the organization to the consumers. For estimation and analysis of value chain, the internal aptitude of the company is assessed by parting various activities of the firm in to different clusters or groups. Examining and improving each cluster may raise the value which may assist to enhance the antagonism of the company through each raised value in the market. This analysis is carried out in 3 steps as follows: The first step may result in dividing the functions of the company in to two different sections such as principal activities that are directly involved in producing the product along with promotion, distributing the same to the clients and provide after sale sustainability. The remaining is considered to be secondary activities which may assist to perform the principle activities. The second step is to allocate price for each of these activities. This information will help to understand the interior potential for the management of the company that is treated to be an expensive insight. The last step is to determine the activities that are able to generate and improve the value by enhancing the fortification of the consumer and success in the souk. For this three main factors are considered to assess the function of each action of the value chain such as mission of the company and its functional undertakings of the operations, type of the organization and the system for the enhancement of value adopted by the company by studying the value inclusion by he downstream and upstream affiliates of the firm in dispersing the products to consumers. 4.7) Four Corners Analysis: Jim Downey October 2007 the concept of Four Corner Analysis has been fabricated by Michael Porter, which assists to study the rivals which may in turn acts as an aid for developing strategies for future of the company. The concept will useful for developing and altering the necessary changes in the strategic plans that may be devised by the rivals and triumphant steps followed by them, estimation of variable replies by each rival to react to that strategy. The changes in the environment and shifts of companies may also be studied through this technique. Generally in the organization this concept is overviewed and SWOT analysis is employed to determine and estimate the rivals strengths and weaknesses. But this may give a thorough analysis of the reaction that may follow by the rivals by studying the major functions such as motivations, actions, assumption of the management and the capabilities of the organization. This can be analyzed by the factors in the following figure which represents the Porters Four corner analysis: Figure no. : Porters Four Corner Analysis Ref: Jim Downey October 2007 Strategic Analysis Tools Topic Gateway Series No. 34 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Early Warning System: (Sigitas VaitkeviÄ ius, Gediminas Merkys, Asta SavaneviÄ ienÄ-, 2006) as the name implies this concept is employed to detect the warnings to the organization in advance and may also predict a suitable event which is very crucial for the company. These are considered to be the sources for the preliminary scenes to react for the opponents strategies. This comprises of the following 7 important factors such as: Defining the market: this will explain the scope of the organization such as geographical position, souk and brand etc. Open system: this will help to analyze the content about the rival in a broader way. Sorting out: based on the significance of the available data about the rivals may be screened and sorted based on the crucial necessities and act accordingly. Analytical aptitude: this will help to determine the way to be followed by the rival by building probable scenario and observe the signs for the preferred selection of any one of them out of the list. Interactive capability: this require well apposite group for attaining the signals to drive forward. Strategic planning: this will in turn explain the alterations in the current strategies followed by the organization according to the moves of the rival. Recurring methodology: this may considered as a cyclic method that may be repeated to stay up to date. Strategic Positioning of Mc Donalds: Company profile: Mc Donalds is considered to be the leading food chain company world wide and is prevailing brand globally at a rank of No. 8 in the world. It has a period of destruction which is considered to be due to unstrategical analysis followed in the company. But at present the analysis is satisfactory as the company again raise its share value and earnings. The following are few strategic approaches followed by the company which can be shown in the following figure: Figure no. : Strategic approach of Mc Donalds Ref: http://www.eszes.net/EloadasokPDF/ESSCA/MarkStrategy.pdf Phase No. 1: Vision/ Mission: the vision and mission of the Mc Donalds as part of the strategic positioning was established once the older one is accomplished for an effective positioning in the market. The vision at present is to be worlds best quick service of restaurant services by mixing various factors such as cost, quality, and products etc. development of new strategic planning for efficient expansion and attract the clients. The mission of the Mc Donalds company is to create a roadmap for the future of the company by increasing the share value of the company. Objective: the strategic objective is monitored in the Mc Donalds to pave enduring commerce positioning in its field of market and aggressiveness. Principles of strategic positioning: The following are considered to be various principles involved in the strategic positioning: Tactical formulation or conceptuation: strategical planning and strategical implementation as per strategy are assessed in this. Planning with future insight: the vision and mission for the next few years is planned in this segment. Variety in the style of thinking: aggressive thinking, risk taking capability, change management, thinking aptitude etc are commenced in to this. Power based techniques: this will include the requirement, geographical positioning, funds, asset values and strategic leadership etc. Ideas implemented in Mc Donald have to achieve strategic Positioning: Ries and Trout: it is considered to be resourceful work out performed by exploiting preexisting product of the company. Focusing on various factors such as brand expansion and interaction strategies are also considered to be a part of this. This will help to : existing place of the company is reinforced in the clients view untenanted place can be grabbed by commencing this technique This will decide the re-position and de-position of the company. This technique is very well executed in Mc Donalds which helped for strategic positioning of the company world wide. Treacy and Wiersema: it is a notion of discipline that shall be followed by the company. This is based on the different approach for providing unique services to the clients and also can introduce innovative product through strategic analysis and discipline that will improve the: Leadership in terms of product Excellence in terms of functioning Intimation with the consumers of the company. The strategic positioning of the Mc Donalds is as follows: Figure no. : positioning of various companies Ref: http://www.eszes.net/EloadasokPDF/ESSCA/MarkStrategy.pdf The positioning is achieved by the Mc Donalds due to its excellent insight for the consumers which has improved the superior decision taking ability by analyzing the trends, values, beliefs, attitudes and perception which helped to devise superior market panning, strategic marketing and introduction of novel food products in the market. Various concepts are being reviewed at every time such as: Segmentation of the customers Improving the satisfaction level of the customers Changing the menu as per the current demand Appraisal and evaluation. Continuous development of novel products and study various aspects such as acceptance from them, optimal features of the product, decision for embracing and falling from the product line etc. Mc Donalds strategically plans and implements timely introduction of novel products and services and takes various steps to improve the interaction with the clients. Hence the following can be considered as the main treasons for the effective strategic positioning of Mc Donalds: Cost leadership Innovation Thinking and acting differently by creating 24/7 availability of food items Effective expansion Providing eminent products with better service, value and cleanliness. Enhanced interaction Swift delivery with taste Availability of mobile restaurants 24/7. Consistent activity throughout value chain Periodical implementation of various tools and techniques such as SWOT, screening environment and souk, analysis of forecasting and scenario description Strategic group analysis, and value chain analysis is also considered to be a part of mc Donalds strategic positioning based on screening. The following figure may be helpful to explain the strategic positioning: Figure no. 3: Strategic position tools and techniques Ref: http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/images/cb/STP2.png Phase No. 2: Strategic Analysis Tools and Techniques in Mc Donalds: Mc Donald makes a rigorous exploitation of the strategic analysis tools and techniques periodically to estimate the environment, its changes, to estimate the companys strategic position as well as opponents strengths and weaknesses. The following are some of the tools and techniques exploited by the Mc Donalds. SWOT analysis: this is carried to determine the internal environment of the company that include aspects such as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats which can be as follows: Strengths: the strengths of Mc Donalds is a global brand, global and domestic leader in the market, cost reduction and control of prices, economic growth on long term basis, superior real estate collections world wide, high accessibility, high recognition of brand, higher opportunities, able to attract all the ages of consumers, healthy environment, better generosity, strong promotion tactics, superior client service, high quality of product, interacting capability etc are considered to be it major strengths. Weaknesses: As every company has weaknesses, Mc Donald also holds weak points such as lack of clarity in the strategic direction, higher debts and feeble balance sheets, considered to have high overall costs, lack of core competencies, problems in internal functioning, poor R D, constricted line of products, deficiency of skills in promoting are few weaknesses. Opportunities: availing first 24/7 mobile restaurants and introduction of healthy hamburger is a great opportunity for the food chain expansion, ability to expand globally, increase the line of products, skill conversion in to the novel goods, taking over opponents, impeding affiliations, exploitation of innovative technologies and brand expansion. Threats: the potential threats of Mc Donalds are from fresh rival entry in the market, high priced regulations, vulnerability of the commerce operations, changes in the demography, reduced sales figure, higher no. of competitors, lower rate of growth etc are few threats faced by the company. PEST analysis: this will be able to explain the external environment of the company which also includes the factors such as political, economical, social and technological concerns of the company. Political: Mc Donalds have a considerable knowledge about the political situations of various nations where they function. The company is well organized to face any political concern Economical: it is considered to be economically stable both internally as well as the nation where they expand. Greater target of market, less cost with high earnings, concerns due to inflation is also economical factors faced by the company. Social: Mc Donald has a very aggressive reputation for its product and quality which is accepted in many social groups. As it is very tasty and natural ingredients are employed it has not many social concerns in the countries where it operate. Increased employability and working with various social groups can be observed in Mc Donalds. Technological: as Mc Donalds is known for the exploitation of innovative technology in the company. As the technical advancements takes place the Mc Donald will be able to procure and adapt to the changes of technologies to produce the products (Royle, T Towers. B, 2002). Porters five forces Plan: this is a crucial tool in strategic analysis which will explain the current position of the company in the market. Competition: Mc Donald is facing much competition from its rivals and thriving to with stand this competition to become no. 1. The new entrants now face hectic competence from Mc Donalds. It is able to surpass many food chains. Ease of entry: as the Mc Donalds is a global brand and well settled and recognized in various countries, the new entrants will face difficulty to enter and succeed. Substitutes: The companies face issues with the various substitutes offered by many companies. And with in the company varied range of products are being provided for a huge pick up for the consumers. Strength of the dealer: it is observed to have lesser strength of dealers in food and beverage industry. Strength of buyer: the buyers are also considerably having lesser strength in food industry. The other tool which tends to reposition Mc Donalds in a strategical approach is through effective value chain and inventory analysis. In Mc Donalds the analysis is made through effective inbound logistics where resources and inventory are assessed at every level of production and allocation, functioning activities which involve conversion of resources to final product, outbound logistics where the goods are distributed, sales and promoting to generate sales and client related services etc. Effectiveness of Tools and Techniques; the following are various tools and techniques exploited by Mc Donalds. The effectiveness of these tools and techniques can be observed in its financial record till date. It has been ranked worlds no. 8 position for global brand. Along with the following records: The net sales figure of Mc Donald is raised to 6.9% and the count of guests raised by 3.1% which was observed to be 6.8% and 3.8% in the previous year. The sales in the system has up surged by 11% Margins and other earnings received by the company are around 17.6% and margins due to franchisees are raised by 82.3% The share value is $3.76 which is considered to be raised by about 16% Cost allotted for operations is about $5.9 billion and expenditure of the capital is about $2.1 billion. Repurchasing of shares is implemented as part of commerce extension by $5.8 billion and enhanced dividend by $0.50 per share by 4th quarter. The current annual dividend rate is $2.00 per share. ROIIC of one year is 38.9% which was considered to be 37.5% the previous year. Strategic directions: the term strategic direction is defined as the course of action that is implemented by the company in order to achieve it goals and objectives. Any company will formulate vision and mission along with objectives as part of Strategic direction for the next few years. This can be a form of strategic planning for the development of the business. As discussed earlier Mc Donalds is keen to formulate vision and mission as per the strategic plan and attain it in a strategic approach. The inventory and resources are maintained and converted in to production along with distribution with controlled inventory process and value addition analysis. By effective exploitation of various technical advancements along with periodical exploitation of the strategic tools for estimation, the company is bale to achieve its vision and objectives. The following may few strategic directions for the company: Exploitation of technological advancement Innovative products introduction Better interactions with clients High quality and tasty products Good environmental experience Logistic analysis. Hence the future directions shall be in the form of healthy aspect of the food items produced by the company as it has observed drastical deduction in the year 2002 due to improper strategic plans and directions. The future plans shall be effective to stop repeating such thing again. Better decision making tactics and administration shall be implemented. Safety of the food Better analysis of risks such as assessment of issues Improved interactions and communicate about the chemical content and naturality to lighten the protest Improve significance Improve ethical values The issue concerned with the implementation of the above mentioned strategic direction may be arised due to the growing complexity of the company and hence collaboration shall be planned with in the individual franchisee or outlet level. Better risk management is difficult may be due to collaboration constraints, analysis shall be done to reduce the wastage which is considered to be criticism on the Mc D company for waste production inspite of recycling and overhead prices to the company. The sales can be improved by increasing the promotional value along with food safety logo along with better planning and better implementation part. http://www.echeat.com/essay.php?t=28470 Hence from the above it can be understood that with the growing complexity the strategic issues may be arised in the complex organization such as Mc Donalds hence, it should plan and execute the strategic planning separately for each outlet which will increase the scope for estimation of weak points and enhance them in to positives at each level to increase the value of the company. Presentation of the findings Hence from the above study it can be understood that strategic positioning is a concept earlier included as a part of marketing but from the past few decades it is treated separately and as a crucial concept in the organization. This concept involves a broad study about the target market, study about the clients and concept of service and enhances the strategies based on the findings to reposition or deposition the organization in the current market in a particular function. This will improve the service vision of the company. This concept involves a brief study about the capacity, inventory and demand, pricing, promotioning, control of utilization of resources etc can be estimated through this. This will help to estimate the position of the organization in the near future and system of realization can thus be assessed in divisional level of the firm. The study is made by connecting the concept in Mc Donalds to study the strategic position through various strategic analysis tools and techniques such as SWOT, PEST, Porters Five Force Analysis and Value Chain Analysis etc. As the strategies implemented by the Mc Donalds is very effective and under control, it has gained a global leader position on the factor of customer satisfaction. Conclusion: it can be concluded that, strategic position is a beneficial concept which when applied from various divisional level of the organization will increase productivity and profits to the organization which is observed in case of Mac Donalds.

Mourning and Melancholia in Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls Essay

Mourning and Melancholia in Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls Ernest Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) begins with a quotation from John Donne’s â€Å"Meditation XVII.† With this epigraph, Hemingway identifies the source of his title and defines the connections achieved between human beings through mourning.: Donne’s argument begins, â€Å"No man is an island,† and it concludes with an assertion of our bond to the dead: â€Å"never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.† Proper mourning acknowledges the losses to our self in the death of another. Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls depicts such connections to the dead and examines the emotional effects of incomplete mourning in terms that parallel Freud’s own comments in â€Å"Mourning and Melancholia†(1917. Hogarth Press edition 1937). Hemingway’s novel about mourning concludes by depicting Robert Jordan, the American volunteer in Spain, as he prepares for his death. Jordan accepts the inevitability of this death and he designs a ritual which expresses his commitment to his lover, Maria, and contributes to the successful retreat of the members the guerrilla band (401-10). He provides a last effort of participation in their struggle against fascism and affirms his 1 Page 2 connection to the future of Spain. In a parallel to the argument of Donne’s â€Å"Meditation,† Jordan’s death while fighting as a volunteer in the Spanish Civil War is presented as a loss to fascism suffered by the people of all the republican nations of the world. In a report published in 1938 Hemingway wrote of the deaths of such volunteers of the International Brigades, and said, â€Å"They die fighting for you† (Hem on War 293). The depiction of Jordan’s life and death parallels the ... ...ocative that Rickman’s edition of Freud’s essay appeared shortly before publication of For Whom the Bell Tolls. Gajdusek, Robert E. (2002). Hemingway In His Own Country. Notre Dame Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. 11 Page 12 Gellhorn, Martha. (1986). The Face of War. New York: Atlantic Press Ed, 1988. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. (1940 ) Blakiston: Philadelphia. ________________.By-Line Ernest Hemingway. (1967) New York: Scribners. ________________ Hemingway on War.(2003 ) Ed. with an Introduction, Sean Hemingway. New York: Scribners. Myers, Jeffrey. (2000) Hemingway: Life into Art. New York: Cooper Square Press Nelson, Cary (1994). Remembering Spain: Hemingway’s Civil War Eulogy and the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Winnicott, D.W. Playing and Reality. (1971) London: Pelican, 1980. 12

Its Time to End the Drug War Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

It's Time to End the Drug War Uhh, uhhh B.I.G., P-O, P-P-A No info, for the, DEA Federal agents mad cause I'm flagrant Tap my cell, and the phone in the basement -Notorious B.I.G. lyrics from â€Å"Mo’ Money, Mo’ Problems† In Christopher Wallace’s (a.k.a. Notorious BIG) â€Å"Mo’ Money, Mo’ Problems†, the late rapper from Brooklyn mentions his run in with the police earlier in his life. Christopher Wallace came to be known as arguably the greatest rapper the world has ever heard, but before the days as a famous entertainer Christopher Wallace an average crack dealer in New York. Many youths in the New York area wish to follow his path, and sell drugs in their respective neighborhoods in order to be able to â€Å"roll in style.† Some individuals would try to say that the current system for dealing with drugs works in this country, look what it did for Christopher Wallace how he straightened up his life after jail. That could be the furthest from the truth, if one were to look at the rest of Christopher Wallace’s songs, one could deduct the violence, and anger that has built up in him. Christopher Wallace’s life would come to an abrupt and violent end , when he would be shot down in a drive-by in Los Angeles at the age of 24. The tragic end of such a talented and troublesome life, brings me to ask the question whether the US’s war on drugs is actually accomplishing anything, when drugs are still easily available in metropolitan cities across the country, especially New York. The modern Drug War’s roots can be dated back to US anti-imperialist sentiments against the British since the 19th century. More recent incarnations of these sentiments are figures such as Richard Nixon, Harry Anslinger, and George Bush. Drugs such as ... ...t.all; â€Å"Estimating Heroin Availability†. Cambridge, Mass: Abt Associates Inc.; 1999 9. http://www.csdp.org/edcs/theneed.htm 10. http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/policy/ndcs00/chap2_4.html 11. http://www.progressive.org/com1099.htm 12. Wisotsky, Steven; Breaking the Impasse in the War on Drugs. New York:Greenwood Press; 1986 13. Martin, Susan Taylor; â€Å"Heroin for addicts works as a Swiss fix†. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg, FLA. 2001 14. Reinarman, Craig and Cohen, Peter. â€Å"Is US dutch policy the devil?†. Univeristy of Amsterdam :Amsterdam; 1999. 15. Donrey, Samantha Young. â€Å"US:DEA Profile Being Raised by New Head. Wahington: Donrey Media Group; 2001 16. Hunt, Gibson Hunt and Chambers Carl D. â€Å"The Heroin Epidemics†. New York, Spectrum Publications; 1976 17. http://www.dea.gov/concern/heroin.htm 18. http://www.drugwarfacts.org/thenethe.htm

Culture :: Essays Papers

Culture Dominica’s culture is very unique as it has changed hands between European countries such as Spain, Great Britain, and France, who brought African’s as slaves to work the fields. As a result of this combination of different cultures, Dominica contains characteristics that combine to make what is called Creole. This Creole is the mixing of these cultures in language, music, art, food, architecture, religion, dance, dress, and sports. France has had the most noticeable affect on Dominica, which is seen through the majority of Dominicans practicing Roman Catholicism, the French based patois, and the French place names. The best example of this culture is seen in their Carnival, which involves an out pouring of Calypso as the islanders celebrate their heritage through dress, dance, and food. The language of Creole is very different as it is a language formed by the combination of pidginized French, as well as a variety of African languages. Creole not only explains the language but the culture as it means a person of mixed French or Spanish and black descent, speaking a dialect of either French or Spanish. This combination of influences is also seen in the styles of dress as women have outfits that resemble a French provincial woman’s. These dresses have altered over time, as the holidays of Jupe and Chemise in slave times created the "assemble" which is still popular today. This outfit is made up of a floor length skirt, with a bright colored cotton chemise over the white cotton skirt. The older women tend to wear a long sleeved velvet jacket over to be more dignified as the young woman have shorter sleeves. In the Creole culture the style of dress is seen as an art form as many different pieces make up the beautiful contrasts of bright colors to white. There was even a chart for matching foulards and madras handkerchiefs with the dress. These colors were determined by the shade of color the woman was as the different complexions contrasted better with certain colors. All the components that make up these outfits such as the Tete mawe, mouchwe madwas, gard zowel, mouche vanille, chemise decolletee, foulard, portes bonheur, jupe, and jupon or cotillon. (www.delphis.dm/trad_dress.htm) Another large part of the Creole culture is seen during Dominica’s Carnival. Carnival is a tradition all over the Caribbean, it takes place over the course of several days and involves parades, concerts, and many other festive events.

Chapter

Why? Found it really interesting that Gerry had Stan tell so many early recollections in a row without spending time talking about them individually. This technique makes sense so that the stories form a pattern, but it was surprising to me. The most interesting aspect of the early recollections that Stan spoke of, was that he felt that all the past memories were not as emotional as the one with the kitten. I would have expected being yelled at in very memory would have been a saddening realization.But, the memories, other than the one about the kitten, were ones he had already thought about prior to the session, so maybe he had already processed the emotions of them in a way. If you were counseling Stan from this particular theoretical framework, what is one additional technique you might use? What would you hope to accomplish with this intervention? I would have encouraged Stan to make the connection of his memories of his parents being all filled with anxiety and yelling, and ask if those memories reflect anything in his current relationship with them.If you were the client, how would you be likely to respond to the therapist's (Jersey's) comments and interventions in this particular session? If I were Stan would have been very interested in the connections between my early memories and my present life. I would be exited to write down more memories in hopes of finding even more connections to current views, thoughts, or habits. Connections, like these, are fascinating. Chapter After the plague had already been unleashed in Europe, one of the first reactions was people believing that God had unleashed the deadly disease, as depicted in Giovanni Ceramic's (Doc 3) illustration of angels, coming down from the heavens, delivering their arrows of death unto the people. Sarcasms acknowledges that some people were able to escape the arrow of the Black Death in the description of his illustration. As an apothecary, it makes sense hat he views the plague as being delivered by arrows, because normally disease does not affect everyone.Disease, like arrows bypass those who are immune and strike those that are not immune. Another depiction of the plague by an anonymous source (Doc 6) illustrates that a divine entity was delivering the plague to those on earth. The common belief that God caused the plague shows how many people were religious and believed in God and thought that He was punishing them. An alternate view of the plague was blame. Many people blamed the Jews, hill others blamed God and beat themselves in hopes of God intervening. Biochip (Doc 2) discusses that people would torture themselves, the Flagellants, in hopes of God's mercy.This response to the plague was very erratic but somewhat logical because even though they beat themselves, it was for a reason, a call for God's help. With a humanistic point of view, Biochip believes that there is a more scientific approach to conquering the plague instead of hoping God will come down from the heavens and intervene and help the Flagellants. On the other hand, many people blamed the Jews, for instance when they were cremated in Strasbourg, Germany on Valentine's Day (Doc 7) where the Jews were alleged to have poisoned the water supply, in which case they were all burned.This response was made out of hatred, the Jews were a scapegoat because no one really knew how the plague came to be. Many people acted angrily and erratically in hopes Of ending the plague which ended in even more death. Th e Black Plague had a major effect on the population in Europe at the time it ravaged through the continent. The pre-plague population (Doc 9) in Europe was approximately 83 million, but after the plague ran its course, the population subsequently decreased to 60 million.The plague had a major pros and cons to it. A pro would be the fact that it led to the Renaissance Era; while a con would be the major loss of life in Europe. The most popular place of death or where most people died (Doc 8) would be the Holy Roman Empire followed by France. The significance of the amount of death in these two areas is important because it allows us to recognize that these two areas had he worst overpopulation, living conditions, famine, or economic depression over all of Europe.Even though the plague was a traumatic and insane experience for those who lived through the Bubonic Plague, but without the plague, perhaps the most important era that led to the spread of information, knowledge, and prosper ity. People today are able to look how people during the plague responded to disease and now are able to use their reactions to guide future reactions and help resolve the problems people faced back then. Chapter State diagram shows the states of the objects and how those states change. Sequence diagram only shows the message interactions among the objects. 4. Mention and describe three different views used in architectural design. Architectural design is a high level view of the system. It can be described with: logical view : represents the decomposition of a system and how those parts work with each other physical architectural view: represents the mapping of the software to the hardware process view: represents the run- time â€Å"processes† and flow of the system. 5.What is the difference between data modeling and logical data base design? In data modeling we are instructing and showing the Entity-Relationship among the objects. In logical data base design, the E-R diagram is converted to the sets of tables and relationships among the tables. 6. What is the difference between low fidelity prototypes and high fidelity prototypes? Low fidelity prototypes are quick hand drawn screens using markers, post-it notes, post cards, and/or cut out images to represent the screens of the system. Simple mockup sketch of the target product.High fidelity prototypes are screens created using a tool to design the screens. These screens look and mimic the behavior of the future screens of the system. An example of a tool is visual basic with the use of hide and show. Detailed mockup resembling and behaving close to the final product. 7. Discuss Figure 7. 26 with regard to the user's interaction; the screen's interaction; and the system's interaction (process). The user sees the Registration Screen for the Spring 2012, using the drop box â€Å"All Courses† they would select a course and click the button â€Å"Add Course†.The screen would show the representation seen at the top of Figure 7. 26 initially. This screen would react to the user's usage of the drop box (showing a scrollable list of he available courses and showing the course selected). When the user has selected a course and clicked â€Å"Add Course' the screen would send the information to the registration and when the Registration returns success it would show the second screen in Figure 7. 26. The system's interaction shown in Figure 7. 26 begins with the Registrations object passing the registration information to the section object.This section object needs to check if the student has the prerequisites for the course. If the Boolean returned is True then the message Add(student) is sent to students object. Note: another sequence diagram would represent Boolean = False. 8. Explain â€Å"Adding a course† from section 7. 3. 4. 1 using Normal's 7 Stage Model. 1 Form a goal -? add Engle 201 1 – The user (student) forms the goal â€Å"l need to add Engle 2011 to my schedule†. 2 Form an intention – find Engle 201 1 The user (student) forms the intention on the screen shown in 7. 26 to find Engle 201 1 in the drop box. Specify the action – mouse can show courses in the drop box – The user will decide to use the mouse to click and hold open the drop box and move the mouse down until he/she sees the Engle 2011 course. Execute the action – The user moves the mouse to the arrow in the drop box and clicks when he/she is on the arrow of the drop box. 5 Perceive the system state (feedback) – he/she sees the drop box open with multiple courses in a list. 6 Interpret the feedback – he/she sees the Engle 201 1 7 Evaluate – because the user sees the course they evaluate â€Å"Success† to their intention.Note: They would continue with the next intention to click â€Å"Add Course†. 9. List the four components of the GYMS model for user interfaces. The 4 factors of GYMS model are : Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection Rules 10. Explain how the Model-View-controller architectural style is done using HTML-Script-SQL. The Model-View-Controller (MFC) architectural style is done with HTML as t he View of the system and SQL as a database. The database has the model of the system. PH is the script used as the controller for the system. Chapter 8: 1 .Question: What are the two general characteristics of a design that naturally carry over from requirements? Answer: The design is an evolution from requirements. So the two general characteristics of a) consistency and b) completeness of requirements usually carry over to the design. 2. Question: What is Menace's climatic complexity number a) attempting to measure, and b) what is the climatic complexity number of a program A that contains 3 binary predicates (or branches)? Answer: a) Menace's climatic complexity number measures the control flow complexity of software. ) Using the simple formula of (#if binary branches + 1), the climatic number of program A is (3+1 ) or 4. 3. Question: What is a program slice? Answer: A program slice is the set of statements that can affect the value of some specified variable of interest in the program. 4. Question: What are glue tokens and super glue tokens, and which type nutrients more to cohesion? Answer: Glue tokens are data tokens that lie in more than one data-slice, and super glue tokens are data tokens that lie in every data-slice. The super glue tokens contribute more to cohesion because they lie in every data slice. 5. Question: What is software cohesion?Answer: Cohesion is a characteristic that describes the degree of relatedness within the software. 6. Question: What are the levels of cohesion? Answer: There are 7 levels of cohesion listed in the order of worst to best: coincidental, logical, temporal, procedural, communicational, sequential, and national. 7. Question: What is software coupling? Answer: Coupling is a characteristic that describes the degree of interdependence or interaction among the parts within the software. 8. Question: What are the levels of coupling? Answer: There are 5 levels of coupling listed in the order of worst to best: content, com mon, control, stamp, and data. . Question: What are the six design measurements of C-K metrics in 00? Answer: They are a) weighted number of methods per class, b) depth of inheritance tree of the class, c) number of children of a class, d) coupling between objects, e) number of espouses to a class message, and f) lack of cohesion among methods in a class 10. Question: In contrast to general design, what is user interface design interested in? Answer: The general software design is concerned about the software components, their characteristics and their interactions.User interface design is focused on the interaction between the software and its human users; thus both software and human attributes are of concern in user interface design. 1 1 . Question: List four out of the eight rules of user interface design identified by Seminarian and Pleasant. Answer: There are actually 8: a) consistency, b) roved short cuts, c) informative feedback, d) closure in dialogues, e) simple error hand ling and prevention, f) permit â€Å"re-do†, g) support locus of control, h) reduce the amount of short-term memory needs. Any four of the eight would be fine. 12.Question: What are the general cohesion and coupling goals when designing software? Answer: We strive for lesser or looser coupling of software, and we design for stringer or tighter cohesion. 13. Question: What is the Law of Demeter attempting to achieve? Answer: Law of Demeter is a set of guiding rules that limits the span of control of an object y restricting the messaging structure among methods of a class. Through these restrictions it is conjectured that we can reduce coupling and enhance cohesion. 14. Question: What is fan-in and fan-out, and what attribute do they measure?Answer: Fan-in is a measure of number of information flow into a module or component. Fan-out is the number of information flow out of a module. An example of fan-in for module-x would be the number of modules that call module-x and for fan -out of module-x would be the number of modules that are called by module-x. Thus fan-in and fan-out measure the coupling attribute among modules. Chapter 9: 1. Question: is the act of transforming the detailed design into a valid program in some programming language. Answer: Implementation. 2. Question: List 3 desirable characteristics of a good implementation.Answer: Readability; maintainability; performance; traceability; correctness; completeness. 3. Question: True or False? : The most important issues for maintaining a good coding style are: to be consistent and to try to highlight the meaning of your code. Answer: True. 4. Question: You should choose longer names for local variables or entities, but can use shorter ones for global variables or entities. Answer: False. 5. Question: List 3 of the types of code comments described in the book. Answer: Repeat of the code; explanation of the code; marker in the code; summary of the code; description of the code intent; external refe rences. Chapter In 1 966 the gate ticket revenues mainly paid for player's wages and with the commercial television of Ames global audiences and fan bases grew. In 2009 clubs such as real Madrid, Manchester united and Barcelona became lucrative deals for investors. However, the investment model for football clubs changed and many investors started leveraging the investments through massive amounts of debt. Many clubs in the UK were public limited companies and were listed on the stock exchange but recently many have been brought into private ownership again through private equity.Bankruptcies and corruption scandals have raised questions to whether many football clubs have been able to have a smooth transition into the repressions business world. A clubs livelihood is directly related to their fan base (spectators, TV audiences, or consumers of merchandise) but over the past decade the average attendance to the English Premier League matches has stagnated and younger people have been wary to attend. With high prices for tickets, fans have been feeling alienated by the players' wages and TV scheduling has greatly fuelled the feeling that football is no longer a fan's game but a business oriented way of generating revenue for owners. Between 1 996 and 2006, the seventy-two clubs of the English Football League add a pre-tax loss of IEEE m; in comparison, the other leagues clubs, that were predominantly owned by fans, made Emma operating profit through higher attendance at lower ticket prices.Recently initiatives, such as Supporters Direct, have addressed the fans' interests more directly. They have also been involving themselves in various social projects in the community (usually addressing social exclusion, unemployment, or anti-social behavior). These clubs have created community schemes that often partner with fans, police, and local council. However, clubs such as Real Madrid and FCC Barcelona are member-owned, democratic, and not-for-profit organizations and have leaderships that are accountable to the people who watch and pay.The All party Parliamentary Football Group published three recommendations to improve governance in the industry, these included: A ‘fit and proper persons test' for the management and ownership of clubs Supporter-led governance and, Nurture Eng domestic talent. With these recommendations given, a Stewardship Scorecard, developed by CAR think-tank tomorrow's company, ranked clubs on various criteria such as putting the club first' and â€Å"engagement with fans and the community'. Overall football is still dependent on a constant fan base since they are far less likely to switch allegiances due to poor performance.Ethical Dilemma: Who cares whose shares? 1. What is the main ethical issues in this case? The main issue is whether or not you should tell Freddie to sell his shares of Parchment (PC) because there will be a report published in Big Science magazine that could effect that shares negatively. This is considered insi der trading and is illegal. There are four main ethical arguments that used against insider: fairness, misappropriation to property, harm to investors and the market and undermining of fiduciary relationships (Crane & Matted, 2010).By telling Freddie, you would be giving himself and his clients an unfair advantage over other investors, he would also give up information of PC's privately documented information and knowledge without PC knowing meaning that he is BPCS property is being shared without knowledge. Harm would come to investors and the market because if everyone of Fireside's linens decide to sell their shares then other investors' stocks would decrease and leave others, including the company, wondering why the stocks dropped so much before the release of the report.Your fiduciary responsibility to the company and other shareholders should be one of the most important things since you are an employee of PC as well. 2. Who are the main stakeholders here, and how would you co mpare the relative importance of their stakes? The main stakeholders in the company are the shareholders the employees that don't have shares and the product users. From a humanitarian respective, the product users, whose health and safety are at risk by using product, would be considered the most important stakeholder, and then followed by the employees and then shareholders.From the business aspect the shareholders are the main stakeholders and then the employees and the product users would equally important. This is because the company will most likely not notice a change if a small amount of customers stop using the product. 3. Explain how you would ultimately decide and why. Would not tell Freddie about it because I would rather have a friend mad at e then to end up going to jail/be fined for insider trading by the company. Loud also not tell him because if it were to get out then my reputation for good work habits and judgment would be affected if I ever looked for another job or wanted to be promoted within PC. 4. Is there a difference between acting yourself on the information you were given and passing this information on to Freddie. Yes there is a difference because you aren't sharing company information with anyone so if you do end up selling your shares, and the stocks do not go own, then you would only be hurting yourself and not effecting other investors. Chapter Emancipation Proclamation announcement made by president Lincoln during the Civil War; emancipated all black slaves in States still engaged in rebellion against Union; went into affect January 1, 1863. Fort Sumter – a fort located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina; the location of the start of the Civil War. George B. McClellan – commander of the Army of the Potomac and general of the war. Gettysburg a battle of which was fought from July 1-3, 1863; Lee withdrew from this battle July 4th (the same day as the surrender of Vicksburg). Greenbacks – paper currency.Homestead Act – allowed citizen (or prospective) to claim 1 60 acres and buy it or a small price after 5 years of living on it. Jefferson Davis – the â€Å"president† of confederacy; was unsuccessful; rarely provided any leadership. March to the Sea – sixty mile wide swath of desolation across Georgia; Sherman left Atlanta and destroyed towns and plantations through Georgia, S outh Carolina, and North Carolina. Morris Land Grant Act – transferred substantial public accuracy to state governments to sell and profits went to public education. Robert E. Lee – opposed secession; left US army to lead confederate forces.Shiloh – Grant, with new troops, recovered and forced Beauregard to withdraw; union victory. Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson – confederate army leader; defeated 2 union armies by charging course suddenly and slipped away. Ulysses S. Grant – constant, unrelenting assault (military); willing to fight when others wouldn't; presided over some of the worst carnage. US Sanitary Commission – organization of volunteers led by Dorothy Dig that embroiled large numbers of female nurses to serve in field hospitals. William Outcomes Sherman – led â€Å"march to the sea†; â€Å"war is all hell†; war should be as horrible and costly for the opponent.Questions: 1 . (Chart is on notebook paper attached) 2. Out Carolina- Deck. 20, 1860 Mississippi- Jan. 9, 1861 Florida- Jan. 10, 1861 Alabama- Jan. 19, 1861 Georgia- Jan. 19, 1861 Louisiana- Jan. 26, 1861 Texas- Feb.. 1, 1861 Virginia- April 17, 1861 Arkansas- May 6, 1861 North Carolina- May 20, 1861 Tennessee- June 2, 1861 3. The Accredited Compromise included 6 amendments and 4 congressional resolutions to guarantee permanent slavery. He did this in order to avoid war. 4. Lincoln did what he did in order to not be the first party of the war to take action. He did it to also escape the situation they'd been trapped in for several months. . 6. The National Bank Act of 1 865 established a system of national banks of which eventually developed the banking system we have today. It was important because it encouraged a national currency. 7. From the beginning, it was expected to be a short and low funding war. Walt that being said, the initial (first) war funded by borrowing but eventually realized that it was much more, so they created the Revenue Act of 1862 which increased taxes drastically including federal income taxes which infuriated supporters Of the war. 8. The government raised the majority of it's money by Revenue tax stamps. . The majority of the Northern nation was not supportive at all; riots occasionally occurred. They saw these laws to be an intrusion of privacy and a violation of one's sovereignty. 10. One could avoid by buying their way out of being drafted, or even substitute themselves with another member of their household. 11. Lincoln considered certain parts of the constitution to be â€Å"inconvenient,† in turn often ignoring those specific portions and did what he thought needed be done rather than consulting with congress as to what the constitution states and/or implies should be done. 12.The peace democrats ere a group of people of which believed the North pushed the South to secession. They also believed Lincoln was a tyrant and that the war was a national tragedy. This group was present in the mid-west section of the US including Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. 13. A. ) He justified the suspension by claiming it was in respect of those arrested. B. ) Everyone' rights were affected as it limited citizens to have an opinion that wasn't supporting the government. 14. Chief Justice Tangy issued this writ, or formal written order, requiring him to release an imprisoned Maryland secessionist leader. Lincoln swaggered this request. 5. The Confiscation Act declared that all slaves that were used for â€Å"insurrectionist† purposes would be considered freed. The second Confiscation Act declared to free the slaves of the persons aiding and us porting the insurrection (regardless of if the slaves were doing so) and also authorized the president to employ African Americans, including freed slaves, as soldiers. As a result, with the progression of the war, the North grew to be more accepting Of emancipation. By the end Of the Civil War, slavery had been abolished i n two Union slave states and in three Confederate dates occupied by Union forces. 16.The Emancipation Proclamation was the war power act Pres. Lincoln issued on Jan. 1, 1863. This act declared forever free slaves in all areas of the Confederacy aside from those already under Union control (Tennessee, western Virginia, and southern Louisiana). It also did no apply to border slave states. 17. Slaves were often taken from their designated plantations and transported to the front, escaping Northern lines, unable to be returned to their masters. Some slaves joined the Union army, while others stayed with troops to flee to free states. Antislavery impulse gained strength, regardless of the act's inability to affect certain areas. 8. About 1 86,000 emancipated African Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and laborers for the Union forces. It was only the first few months of the war that African Americans were widely excluded. They were treated very poorly. Many died from disease due to w orking in unsanitary conditions for arduous hours. Black soldiers were paid a third less in comparison to white soldiers, as well. 19. Women were often put in nursing positions whether it'd been by choice or necessity. They also worked as retail sales clerks, office workers, and mill & factory hands.Shallowness' wives often became responsible for managing slave work forces; the wives Of more modest farmers plowed fields and harvested crops. These were all positions previously dominated by men. 20. Although there were several significant exceptions, the Federal government and the Confederate government were very similar (These exceptions included the acknowledgment of the sovereignty of the individual states, and the sanctioning of slavery [of which made abolition nearly impossible]). 21 . The region focused so intensely on producing cotton and other export crops.The departure of so many white males severely diminished the region's ability to maintain food production. Copious amounts of doctors were conscripted to serve the needs of the military, of which left many communities without any medical care. In effect, the South experienced shortages of everything. Because of this, along with inflation, there was a major instability in Southern society. Resistance to conscription, food impressments, and taxation increased throughout the Confederacy, as well as hoarding and black-market monomer. 22. While raising their armies, many more white Southerners were exempted from military service than Northerners.Conscription was successful for a period of time. Although, after 1862, conscription began to produce fewer men. In early 1864, the government experienced a shortage of manpower. At this time, situations called for desperate measures; the Confederate congress began drafting men as young as 1 7 and as old as 50. 23. The North's economy was strengthened, thus increasing industry and railroad development. The South's was weakened because of millions of Lars worth of pr operty being destroyed and the region's young male population having depleted. 24.The production of weapons was more efficient due to technological advances. Weapons were also stronger and more powerful. 25. A. ) The first battle occurred on July 21, 1861. This battle nearly succeeded in dispersing the Confederate forces, but was unable due to the Southerners taking action in stopping a last strong Union assault and performing a savage counterattack. As a result, the Confederates retreated in an unrecognized manner. When disorganized, as the Union forces were by feat with a short of supplies and transportation, the Confederates did not pursue.Because of this battle, the Union's morale and the president's confidence in his officers were destroyed. B. ) The battle of Animate began on September 17. Mescaline's 87,000-man army attacked Lee's force of 50,000. 6,000 soldiers died, and 1 7,000 sustained injuries. At the end of the day, as the Confederate line seemed ready to break, the las t of Jackson's troops arrived to reinforce it. McClellan then allowed Lee to retreat to Virginia. This battle only lasted one day. C. ) There were complications for the Union forces n the East, but important victories occurred in the West.Grant moved his his and supplies to an area south of the city. He then attacked Vicksburg from the rear. Vicksburg surrendered 6 weeks later on July 4, due to the fact that residents were starving as a result of a prolonged siege. D. ) Lee attacked Mead's army once they were perched on the hills south of the town. Lee's forces Were outnumbered 75,000 to 90,000 and his assault On the Union forces on Cemetery Ridge failed. The next day he ordered a second, larger effort. 1 5,000 Confederates advanced nearly a mile while being swept by Union fire. Chapter First Pages editor of the Harvard Business Review, noted that organizations must also undergo significant efforts to protect their human capital. A firm may â€Å"diversify the ownership of vital knowledge by emphasizing teamwork, guard against obsolescence by developing learning programs, and shackle key people with golden handcuffs. â€Å"23 In addition, people are less likely to leave an organization if there are effective structures to promote teamwork and information sharing, strong leadership that encourages innovation, and cultures that demand excellence and ethical behavior.Such issues are central to this chapter. Although we touch on these issues throughout this chapter, we provide more detail in later chapters. We discuss organizational controls (culture, rewards, and boundaries) in Chapter 9, organization structure and design in Chapter 10, and a variety of leadership and entrepreneurship topics In Chapters 11 and 12. Human Capital: The Foundation of Intellectual Capital Organizations must recruit talented people?employees at all levels with the proper sets of skills and capabilities coupled with the right values and attitudes.Such skills and attitudes must be continually developed, strengthened, and reinforced, and each employee must be motivated and her efforts focused on the organization's goals and objectives. 24 The rise to prominence of knowledge workers as a vital source of competitive advantage is changing the balance of power in today's organization. Knowledge workers place professional development and personal enrichment (financial and otherwise) above company loyalty. Attracting, recruiting, and hiring the â€Å"best and the brightest,† Is a critical first step in the process of building intellectual capital.How to Lure Gene Y Workers? Commonly. Com, August 17: NP; Mantilla. 2007. How Going Green Draws Talent, Cut Costs. Wall Street Journal, November 13: BIO; and, O'Dell, A. M. 2007. Working for the Earth: Green Companies and Gree n Jobs Attract Employees. Www. Socializing . Com, 4. 1 environmental responsibility when it recruits on campuses. It showcases the company's new corporate headquarters, in Measuring, Ohio, that uses 28 percent to 39 percent less energy than a standard office building and is furnished with environmentally friendly materials.Says Nephew CEO Mark Sunny, â€Å"At the end of the day, we are competing with everyone else for the best talent, and this is a generation that is very concerned with the environment. † To meet the growing demand for students interested in working for green companies, Nonstarters, a unit of the giant employment firm Monster. Com, launched Greengrocers. It was the first online recruitment service that focuses on green employment. Econometrical and the Environmental Defense Fund, two environmental nonprofits, are adding their expertise in partnership with Nonstarters. Econometrical approached Nonstarters to create Greengrocers because there is an urgent need to reach and educate environmentally ‘agnostic' audiences, in this case college students, about the ways they can address climate change and other serious environmental problems,† claims Mark Cockroach, vice president and general manager at Nonstarters. Environmental sustainability To illustrate such interdependence, poor hiring impedes the effectiveness of development and retention processes. In a similar vein, ineffective retention efforts place additional burdens on hiring and development.Consider the following anecdote, provided by Jeffrey Prefer of the Stanford University Business School: Not long ago, I went to a large, fancy San Francisco law firm?where they treat their associates like dog do and where the turnover is very high. I asked the managing partner about the turnover rate. He said, â€Å"A few years ago, it was 25 percent, and now we're up to 30 percent. I asked him how the firm had responded to that trend. He said, â€Å"We increased our recruiting. â €  So I asked him, â€Å"What kind of doctor would you be if your patient was bleeding faster and faster, and your only response was to increase the speed of the transfusion? 29 Clearly, stepped-up recruiting is a poor substitute for weak retention. Although there are no simple, easy-to-apply answers, we can learn from what leading-edge firms are doing to attract, develop, and retain human capital in today's highly competitive marketplace. 30 Before moving on, Strategy Spotlight 4. 1 addresses the importance of firm's â€Å"green† or environmental sustainability strategy in attracting young talent. Deserted chic 118-155. Tend 124 Attracting Human Capital All we can do is bet on the people we pick. So my whole Job is picking the right people.Jack Welch, former chairman, General Electric Company 31 The first step in the process of building superior human capital is input control: attracting and selecting the right person. Human resource professionals often approach employee selection from a â€Å"lock and key' mentality?that is, fit a key (a Job candidate) into a lock (the Job). Such an approach involves a thorough analysis of the errors and the Job. Only then can the right decision be made as to how well the two will fit together. How can you fail, the theory goes, if you get a precise match of knowledge, ability, and skill profiles?Frequently, however, the precise matching approach places its emphasis on task-specific skills (e. G. , motor skills, specific information processing capabilities, and communication skills) and puts less emphasis on the broad general knowledge and experience, social skills, values, beliefs, and attitudes of employees. Many have questioned the precise matching approach. They argue that firms can identify top performers by focusing on key employee mind-sets, attitudes, social skills, and general orientations. If they get these elements right, the task-specific skills can be learned quickly. This does not imply, however, th at task-specific skills are unimportant; rather, it suggests that the requisite skill sets must be viewed as a necessary but not sufficient condition. ) This leads us to a popular phrase today and serves as the title of the next section. â€Å"Hire for Attitude, Train for Skill† Organizations are increasingly emphasizing general knowledge and experience, social skills, values, beliefs, and attitudes of employees. 32 Consider Southwest Airlines' hiring practices, which focus on employee values and attitudes. Given its strong team orientation, Southwest uses an â€Å"indirect† approach.For example, the interviewing team asks a group of employees to prepare a five- minute presentation about themselves. During the presentations, interviewers observe which candidates enthusiastically support their peers and which candidates focus on polishing their own presentations while the others are presenting. 33 The roomer are, of course, favored. Alan Cooper, president of Cooper Soft ware, Inc. , in Palo Alto, California, goes further. He cleverly uses technology to hone in on the problem- solving ability of his applicants and their attitudes before an interview even takes place.He has devised a â€Å"Bozo Filter,† an online test that can be applied to any industry. Before you spend time on whether Job candidates will work out satisfactorily, find out how their minds work. Cooper advised, â€Å"Hiring was a black see our test. It's a self-administering bozo filter. â€Å"34 How does it work? The online test asks questions designed to see how prospective employees approach provisioning tasks. For example, one key question asks software engineer applicants to design a table-creation software program for Microsoft Word. Candidates provide pencil sketches and a description of the new user interface.Another question used for design communicators asks them to develop a marketing strategy for a new touch- tone phone?directed at consumers in the year 1850. Cand idates e-mail their answers back to the company, and the answers are circulated around the firm to solicit feedback. Only candidates with the highest marks get interviews. Sound Recruiting Approaches and Networking Companies that take hiring seriously must also take recruiting seriously. The number of Jobs that successful knowledgeableness companies must fill is astonishing.Ironically, many companies still have no shortage of applicants. For example, Google, ranked fourth on Fortune's 2009 â€Å"100 Best Companies to Work For,† still attracts 777,000 applicants a year?even though hiring has slowed. 35 The challenge becomes having the right Job candidates, not the greatest number of them. Resources 125 Deserted chic 118-155. And 125 11/11/09 PM GE Medical Systems, which builds CT scanners and magnetic resonance imaging (MR.) systems, relies extensively on networking. They have found that current employees are the best source for new ones.Recently, Steven Potshot, head of staff ing and leadership development, made a few simple changes to double the number of referrals. First, he simplified the process?no complex forms, no bureaucracy, and so on. Second, he increased incentives. Everyone referring a qualified candidate received a gift certificate from Sears. For referrals who were hired, the â€Å"bounty' increases to $2,000. Although this may sound like a lot of money, it is â€Å"peanuts† compared to the $1 5,000 to $20,000 fees that GE typically pays to headhunters for each person hired. 6 Also, when someone refers a former colleague or friend for a Job, his or her credibility is on the line. Thus, employees will be careful in recommending people for employment unless they are reasonably confident that these people are good candidates. This provides a good â€Å"screen† for the firm in deciding whom to hire. Hiring the right people makes things a lot easier: fewer rules and regulations, less need for monitoring and hierarchy, and greater i nitialization f organizational norms and objectives. Consider some of the approaches that retire, people in this demographic group are becoming more and more important in today's workforce.We also provide some â€Å"tips† on how to get hired. We address these issues in Exhibit 4. 3. Developing Human Capital It is not enough to hire top-level talent and expect that the skills and capabilities of those employees remain current throughout the duration of their employment. Rather, training and development must take place at all levels of the organization. 37 For example, Selection assembles printed circuit boards and other components for TTS Silicon Valley clients. 38 Its employees receive an average of 95 hours of company- provided training each year.Chairman Winston Chem. observed, â€Å"Technology changes so fast that we estimate 20 percent of an engineer's knowledge becomes obsolete each year. Training is an obligation we owe to our employees. If you want high growth and hig h quality, then training is a big part of the equation. † Although the financial returns on training may be hard to calculate, most experts believe it is essential. One company that has calculated the benefit from training is Motorola. Every dollar spent on training returns $30 in productivity gains over the following three years.In addition to training and developing human capital, firms must encourage widespread involvement, monitor and track employee development, and evaluate human capital. 39 Encouraging Widespread Involvement Developing human capital requires the active involvement of leaders at all levels. It won't be successful if it is viewed only as the responsibility of the human resources department. Each year at General Electric, 200 facilitators, 30 officers, 30 human resource executives, and many young managers actively participate in Gee's orientation program at Correlation, its training center outside New York City. Chapter A model Is an abstraction of a real system. True + False Question 2 2/ 2 points True or False? In a discrete-event simulation, an event is an interaction between objects in the system. Question 3 2/ 2 points True or False? Meteorologists often use multiple simulated models, which make different assumptions, to predict the weather. True* Question 4 2/ 2 points True or False? The most common application of computer graphics in modern operating systems is the graphical user interface. True+Question 5 2/ 2 points True or False? In computer graphics, knit cloth and woven cloth should move and drape In the same way. True False* Question 6 2/ 2 points Which of the following best describes a simulation in which the model is viewed at uniform time intervals? A) discrete-event b) concrete c) abstract e) continuous Question 7 2/ 2 points Which of the following best describes a model that represents a real environment, such as a flight simulator? A) time-driven b) discrete-event c) continuous d) concrete + e) abstractQuestion 8 2/ 2 points Which of the following best describes a simulation that expresses change in terms of a set of differential equations? A) concrete c) time-driven d) continuous + Question 9 2/ 2 points Which of the following describes the angle at which a human looks at a mirror? B) transposition vector c) normal vector d) reflection vector e) light vector Question 10 2/ 2 points Which of the following is NOT a game genre or a game submerge? A) strategy games b) life-simulation games c) role-playing games d) action games. Chapter Volcano erupting in Hawaii because Peel upset. Must make Peel happy to stop volcano. Names in Sociology Berger – seeing the general in the particular (making the familiar strange) Mills – Sociological Imagination comet (1837) Social physics / positivism Theological Metaphysical Human equality to what is going on in their life Scientific process to what is going on in their life All issues are happening because of a scientific process Harriet Martinets Female in a man's world Translated Comet' into English Early Feminist and very dominate Research methods Women's issues Father disowned her @ early age of 21Karl Marx Materialism Class conflict Philosopher Bi-polar Wrote about economic institutions of capitalism Market will control itself Excessive focus on materialism how the focus of stuff effects the relationship; managing works The essence of conflicts impacts institutions Max Weber 1 SST sociologist Suffered from severe depression How religion institution drive the ec onomic structure Persistent – research until you have understand what is going on Mile Druthers Statistics Social facts Number guy – census data collector Positivistic sociology Suicide Anomie Enormousness – loss of normalNot dependable George Simmer Urban sociology Study of structures of groups in cities (Group dynamics) Names in Sociology in the US Robert Park Father of Sociology Started the 1st dept. Of sociology in [email  protected] the Univac. Of Chicago Charles Cooley â€Å"looking-glass self† Your participation in groups is influenced on how people see you George Herbert Mead W. E. B.DUBIOUS 1st African American male to Received PhD from Harvard Expounded the NAACP Asked to teach sociology @ Atlanta University Developed the concept of â€Å"double consciousness† How people react differently with different situation Jane Addams Hull House Social worked Nobel prize (1931) Theories – Explain, Describe, Predict; Life structurally runs on theories Functionalism – what is the reason?Organism – How the human body works – made up of systems Manifest / latent Manifest function – positive outcome Latent function – positive or negative outcome Social consensus â€Å"reasons' Microbiology – Looking for big picture Conflict – Competing interest (limited goods), Societal driving force , Exists on all levels Initiates change Power Gender/age Political Economic Microbiology – generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis Society functions on conflict Conflict is mostly about limited goods – Have / Have Not Conflict theory views society from exactly the opposite of perspective Conflict is good for society cause it represents change There has and always will be conflict between workers & entrepreneurs (I. E†¦. Why unions were created) Feminist Theory – Conflict model where gender is concerned / Political reform Symbolic Interac tions Interpretation of symbols Face to face interactions Creating reality Microbiology (Seeks to understand local international context) Max Weber Interpretive sociology Persistent Post Modernism: Sometimes part of all of the above theories Fast changing interactions Subjective / objective Given the pace of the world today, it is all of the above theories, embrace all Midrange Theory: Social institutions focus Booker T Washington W. E.B Dubious Civil Rights Institutions are a very strong influence on groups behavior Attempt to predict how certain social institutions tend to function Sociology Connect to History (events, social change) Anthropology (study of culture) Psychology (social psychology) Political science (power governmental institution) Example: Explain Marriage with man duties vs.. Male duties Functionalism – because that is how they were raised or taught Conflict – males w/ more power Feminist – more women working to gain more power Symbolic  œ the two parties setting ground rules with each other regarding whom does what CHAPTER 2 How do sociologist due what they do?Majority & Minority in a group (in/out group) Social Networks – relations held together by ties (stories), strength of ties, structural ole (kinship gap), lack of communication on each side of hole (Ebay) Social Capital – pre-existing knowledge a person has that helps them enter network value you have that makes you socially interested to the group may be going down due to loose connections, less family togetherness, fewer group vacations, decreased civic engagement Network Analysis (social relationships) – epidemiology, teenage sex networks (hook-up {in tie}, virginity pledges {outside tie}) organization – legal, multiple secondary group, common purpose, boundaries between members (govern behaviors overpayment policy / group structure – immigration (1921 / Hart-cellar Act, 1965) organizational culture – shared belief s/behaviors organizational structure – structure with power / authority distribution interlocking directorates – mega – corporations institutional isomorphism – forced sameness of corporations in similar environments – airline ticket prices Chapter 6 – Social Deviance US incarceration rate: . 75% (2. 3 million), 25% of world – criminal Justice (formal deviance).Formal deviance is and expensive proposition because up keep and personal and a lot of time and energy. Social deviance – transgression of social norms {where, when, who (power)} knowing there is a norm out there and you are willing fully violate it relative to where you did it, when you did it, and who saw you do it informal – no societal level consequence – without serious repercussions but could be prolonged formal – with serious repercussions most of your life is filled with informal deviance and informal social control Social control device â₠¬â€œ bring back norm normative compliance – best social control device in society, by complying with all the norms both formal and informal Druthers (functionalism) – social cohesion (bonds), Chapter Chapter State diagram shows the states of the objects and how those states change. Sequence diagram only shows the message interactions among the objects. 4. Mention and describe three different views used in architectural design. Architectural design is a high level view of the system. It can be described with: logical view : represents the decomposition of a system and how those parts work with each other physical architectural view: represents the mapping of the software to the hardware process view: represents the run- time â€Å"processes† and flow of the system. 5.What is the difference between data modeling and logical data base design? In data modeling we are instructing and showing the Entity-Relationship among the objects. In logical data base design, the E-R diagram is converted to the sets of tables and relationships among the tables. 6. What is the difference between low fidelity prototypes and high fidelity prototypes? Low fidelity prototypes are quick hand drawn screens using markers, post-it notes, post cards, and/or cut out images to represent the screens of the system. Simple mockup sketch of the target product.High fidelity prototypes are screens created using a tool to design the screens. These screens look and mimic the behavior of the future screens of the system. An example of a tool is visual basic with the use of hide and show. Detailed mockup resembling and behaving close to the final product. 7. Discuss Figure 7. 26 with regard to the user's interaction; the screen's interaction; and the system's interaction (process). The user sees the Registration Screen for the Spring 2012, using the drop box â€Å"All Courses† they would select a course and click the button â€Å"Add Course†.The screen would show the representation seen at the top of Figure 7. 26 initially. This screen would react to the user's usage of the drop box (showing a scrollable list of he available courses and showing the course selected). When the user has selected a course and clicked â€Å"Add Course' the screen would send the information to the registration and when the Registration returns success it would show the second screen in Figure 7. 26. The system's interaction shown in Figure 7. 26 begins with the Registrations object passing the registration information to the section object.This section object needs to check if the student has the prerequisites for the course. If the Boolean returned is True then the message Add(student) is sent to students object. Note: another sequence diagram would represent Boolean = False. 8. Explain â€Å"Adding a course† from section 7. 3. 4. 1 using Normal's 7 Stage Model. 1 Form a goal -? add Engle 201 1 – The user (student) forms the goal â€Å"l need to add Engle 2011 to my schedule†. 2 Form an intention – find Engle 201 1 The user (student) forms the intention on the screen shown in 7. 26 to find Engle 201 1 in the drop box. Specify the action – mouse can show courses in the drop box – The user will decide to use the mouse to click and hold open the drop box and move the mouse down until he/she sees the Engle 2011 course. Execute the action – The user moves the mouse to the arrow in the drop box and clicks when he/she is on the arrow of the drop box. 5 Perceive the system state (feedback) – he/she sees the drop box open with multiple courses in a list. 6 Interpret the feedback – he/she sees the Engle 201 1 7 Evaluate – because the user sees the course they evaluate â€Å"Success† to their intention.Note: They would continue with the next intention to click â€Å"Add Course†. 9. List the four components of the GYMS model for user interfaces. The 4 factors of GYMS model are : Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection Rules 10. Explain how the Model-View-controller architectural style is done using HTML-Script-SQL. The Model-View-Controller (MFC) architectural style is done with HTML as t he View of the system and SQL as a database. The database has the model of the system. PH is the script used as the controller for the system. Chapter 8: 1 .Question: What are the two general characteristics of a design that naturally carry over from requirements? Answer: The design is an evolution from requirements. So the two general characteristics of a) consistency and b) completeness of requirements usually carry over to the design. 2. Question: What is Menace's climatic complexity number a) attempting to measure, and b) what is the climatic complexity number of a program A that contains 3 binary predicates (or branches)? Answer: a) Menace's climatic complexity number measures the control flow complexity of software. ) Using the simple formula of (#if binary branches + 1), the climatic number of program A is (3+1 ) or 4. 3. Question: What is a program slice? Answer: A program slice is the set of statements that can affect the value of some specified variable of interest in the program. 4. Question: What are glue tokens and super glue tokens, and which type nutrients more to cohesion? Answer: Glue tokens are data tokens that lie in more than one data-slice, and super glue tokens are data tokens that lie in every data-slice. The super glue tokens contribute more to cohesion because they lie in every data slice. 5. Question: What is software cohesion?Answer: Cohesion is a characteristic that describes the degree of relatedness within the software. 6. Question: What are the levels of cohesion? Answer: There are 7 levels of cohesion listed in the order of worst to best: coincidental, logical, temporal, procedural, communicational, sequential, and national. 7. Question: What is software coupling? Answer: Coupling is a characteristic that describes the degree of interdependence or interaction among the parts within the software. 8. Question: What are the levels of coupling? Answer: There are 5 levels of coupling listed in the order of worst to best: content, com mon, control, stamp, and data. . Question: What are the six design measurements of C-K metrics in 00? Answer: They are a) weighted number of methods per class, b) depth of inheritance tree of the class, c) number of children of a class, d) coupling between objects, e) number of espouses to a class message, and f) lack of cohesion among methods in a class 10. Question: In contrast to general design, what is user interface design interested in? Answer: The general software design is concerned about the software components, their characteristics and their interactions.User interface design is focused on the interaction between the software and its human users; thus both software and human attributes are of concern in user interface design. 1 1 . Question: List four out of the eight rules of user interface design identified by Seminarian and Pleasant. Answer: There are actually 8: a) consistency, b) roved short cuts, c) informative feedback, d) closure in dialogues, e) simple error hand ling and prevention, f) permit â€Å"re-do†, g) support locus of control, h) reduce the amount of short-term memory needs. Any four of the eight would be fine. 12.Question: What are the general cohesion and coupling goals when designing software? Answer: We strive for lesser or looser coupling of software, and we design for stringer or tighter cohesion. 13. Question: What is the Law of Demeter attempting to achieve? Answer: Law of Demeter is a set of guiding rules that limits the span of control of an object y restricting the messaging structure among methods of a class. Through these restrictions it is conjectured that we can reduce coupling and enhance cohesion. 14. Question: What is fan-in and fan-out, and what attribute do they measure?Answer: Fan-in is a measure of number of information flow into a module or component. Fan-out is the number of information flow out of a module. An example of fan-in for module-x would be the number of modules that call module-x and for fan -out of module-x would be the number of modules that are called by module-x. Thus fan-in and fan-out measure the coupling attribute among modules. Chapter 9: 1. Question: is the act of transforming the detailed design into a valid program in some programming language. Answer: Implementation. 2. Question: List 3 desirable characteristics of a good implementation.Answer: Readability; maintainability; performance; traceability; correctness; completeness. 3. Question: True or False? : The most important issues for maintaining a good coding style are: to be consistent and to try to highlight the meaning of your code. Answer: True. 4. Question: You should choose longer names for local variables or entities, but can use shorter ones for global variables or entities. Answer: False. 5. Question: List 3 of the types of code comments described in the book. Answer: Repeat of the code; explanation of the code; marker in the code; summary of the code; description of the code intent; external refe rences.